SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
This chapter covers solar photovoltaics generally but focuses particularly on gridconnected applications. Technology Status Overview
PV has been commercialised in specialised applications such as remote area telecommunications since the mid-1970s. Low-efficiency amorphous silicon cells have expanded into the consumer market in applications such as solar-powered calculators, solar-powered lights, solar-powered battery chargers for vehicles, outdoor lights and electric fences.
Large photovoltaic generating systems with capacities of one megawatt or greater were installed in the United States in the 1980s by private companies and utilities taking advantage of the generous financial incentives including taxation benefits and high buyback rates offered. One utility in the US, Sacramento Municipal Utility
District (SMUD) installed 2 MW of PV modules next to the closed Rancho Seco nuclear power plant to provide power to 500 homes. Other megawatt scale gridconnected photovoltaic power plants are located in Japan and Norway. There are also a few experimental plants in Saudi Arabia, West Germany and Italy which has the world’s largest PV power station at 3.3 MW.
However, the focus is now on widespread application of small distributed gridconnected systems at individual household or commercial building scale. For example in 1998 a demonstration system of 26 solar skylights covering 25,000 square metres was installed at a car plant in the UK capable of generating sufficient electricity to meet all the plants lighting needs. Similarly the world's largest rooftop system with a capacity of 1 MW was installed in Germany. Since the early 1990's the government and utility companies have subsidised over 10,000 grid-connected roof-top systems. Japan has initiated a more ambitious program to install 70,000 systems over 10 years with the ultimate aim of having 4600 MW of PV in place by
2010. The US has announced a one million rooftop initiative which translates to
3000 MW at an average of 3 kW per rooftop.
Total installed capacity worldwide is about 600-700 MWp. The managing director of the PV company, Siemens Showa Solar, recently made the point that if worldwide
...refrigeration system can be built in capacities well above 1000 tonnes of refrigerant each, which is the largest size for single compressor units.
...o the base will require a huge amount of electricity and increased electricity increases greenhouse emission into the environment.
8. If a coal-burning electrical generating plant burns 2 tons of coal to generate 6000 kWh of electricity, calculate the efficiency of the plant as the ratio of electricity output to fuel energy input (refer to Table 3.4).
Nixon, Mark. "BWL to build a $182 million electric-steam generation facility in Reo Town." Lansing Board of Water & Light. Lansing Board of Water & Light, 16 July 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.
In recent years there has been a growing trend involving the use of closed circuit
The Darby Company is re-evaluating its current production and distribution system in order to determine whether it is cost-effective or if a different approach should be considered. The company produces meters that measure the consumption of electrical power. Currently, they produce these meters are two locations – El Paso, Texas and San Bernardino, California. The San Bernardino plant is newer, and therefore the technology is more effective, meaning that their cost per unit is $10.00, while the El Paso plant produces at $10.50. However, the El Paso plant has a higher capacity at 30,000 to San Bernardino’s 20,000. Once manufactured, the meters are sent to one of three distribution centers – Ft. Worth, Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and Las Vegas. Due to the proximity of El Paso to Ft. Worth, they are only plant to ship to Ft. Worth. The costs associated with each shipment are described in detail in Appendix 2.2A. From these distribution centers, meters are shipped to one of nine customer zones. The Ft. Worth center services Dallas, San Antonio, Wichita and Kansas City, the Santa Fe center services Denver, Salt Lake City, and Phoenix, and the Las Vegas center ships to Los Angeles and San Diego.
“In 2015, we increased renewable energy use by more than 1.4 MW to reach just over 106 MW globally, primarily from the addition of solar power projects in Kentucky, New York, Indiana and Michigan.”
· B-phase transformer (EMTU-TT01) · Feedback electronic wattmeter · Multi-range moving-iron ammeter · Instrument voltage transformer THEORY AND INTRODUCTION ----------------------- Transformers are used all over the world to step-up and step-down electricity. The transformer is one of the most commonly used electrical devices. The reason the transformer is so popular is because they range in size from 240V to well over 240kV, stepping -up and stepping-down electricity all over the world.
When picking an energy resource for the topic of this paper, I bounced around a lot of ideas. Then it occurred to me that I should write about what I will be living with in about a month. My mom just finished designing and building our earthbag, solar, off-grid house, a four-year endeavor. I will soon live in a place powered by one of the most common alternative energy resources, solar energy, so I should learn more about it. At our new house, we have two stand alone pedestals with six 170W panels on each pedestal, making for a 2040W or 2kW solar system.
Plants range from small systems, for a house or whole village, to big projects creating electricity for all kinds of utilities.
generated at power plants is carried by power lines to users, sometimes hundreds of miles away.
"Sustainable Energy for Your Home: Small Scale Hydro Systems." The Environment Centre: Promoting Sustainable Lifestyles in the South. Web. 04 Oct. 2011. .
an Australian built his own electric car from a second hand Porsche. The article proves that
Refrigerators and stoves are the main product lines in which Atlas Eléctrica has its core competences. They are also working fine due to the production system.
Small renewable units should be installed at rural areas and big units near to the cities.