This study is a clinical trial that aims to find out the effect of massage on behavioral state of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. The participants were 45 neonates who hospitalized in neonatal intensive care unit of Afzalipour hospital in Kerman. Parental consent was obtained for research participation. The inclusion criteria included all infants born with respiratory distress syndrome, less than 36 weeks gestational age and without of any the following conditions: contraindication of touch, skin problems, hyperbilirubinemia, anemia, respirators, chest tube, addicted mother, congenital and central nervous system disease. Infants entered the massage protocol during the second day after starting enteral feeding, because the initiation of enteral feeding means that the infants in physiologically stable [12]. The researcher determined if infants met the study criteria. After initial assessment, the infants were entered to the group. The infants received 45 minute periods of massage intervention per day for 5 days. Each infant received tactile/kinesthetic stimulation, 15 minute periods at the beginning of three consecutive hours. Each massage always started at approximately 30 minutes after afternoon feeding and provided by one or two trained nurses. The 15 minute stimulation sessions consist of 3 standardized 5 minute phases. Tactile stimulation was given during the first and third phases, and kinesthetic stimulation was given during the middle phase. For the tactile stimulation, the neonate was placed in a prone position. After thorough hand scrubbing, the person providing stimulation placed the palms of her warmed hands on the infant’s body through the isolate portholes. Then She gently stroked with her hands for five ...
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20- Beachy J. M, Premature infant massage in the NICU. Neonatal Netw, 2003; 22, 39-45.
21- Dieter J. N. I., Field T., Hernandez-Reif M., et al, Stable preterm infants gain more weight and sleep less after five days of massage therapy. J Pediatr Psychol, 2003; 28, 403-411.
22- Field T., Preterm infant massage therapy studies: An American approach. Semin Neonatal, 2002; 7, 487-494.
23- Field T., Hernandez-Reif M., Diego M., et al, Massage therapy by parents improves early growth and development. Infant Behav Deve, 2004; 27, 435-442.
24- Lee H., the effect of infant massage on weight gain, physiological and behavioral responses in premature infants, J Korean Acad nursing, 2005; 35(8), 1451-1460.
25- Modercin-McCarthy M. A., McCue S., Walker J. Preterm infants and stress: A tool for the neonatal nurse. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 1997; 10, 62-71.
Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2013). Wong’s nursing care of infants and children + study guide: Multimedia enhanced version. Philadelphia, PA, United States: Elsevier Mosby.
The very low birth weight are newborns that weigh less than 3.3 pounds (1,500 grams). Unfortunately, newborns that are under 3.3 pounds (1,500 grams) do not often survive, and the ones that do have delayed motor skills and cognitive development. The numbers decrease further to extremely low birth weight of 2.2 pounds (1,000 grams), where chance of life is very small. Low birth weight babies 1,500 grams – 2,500 grams (3.3 -5.5 pounds) have a good chance they will survive with proper care. Newborns that are small-for-date are placed in incubators that are sealed beds where temperature and air quality is regulated. The beds isolate the infants from pathogens and the environment. The babies need sensory stimulation to grow, so a recorded tape is played of the mothers soothing voice. Visual stimulation from video, and tactile stimulation helps foster physical and cognitive development in the baby. At five months while the fetus is in the womb ithas sensory capabilities, and can hear the mother’s heart beating, food digestion, speaking, and others speaking to her! The incubator stimulates this environment. There is great success with proper attention and care to the low birth weight babies, and. Many of the low birth weight babies are effects of parents that live in poverty, unable to access adequate medical care, and they experience stress due to an unhealthy family life.
Looking at the development stages from Erik Erikson for the first stage infancy: basic trust vs. mistrust this is where the infant learns to trust or not to trust others by the care the infant receives or not receives (Christensen & Kockrow, 2011). Care for an infant is the basic need such as being fed, cleaned, and the most physical contact (Christensen & Kockrow, 2011). Being in the NICU it is hard on the parents as well the infant because there is a lack of bonding at first because all the risks to critical preterm infant. This causes the nurses to closely keep an eye on the infant and take care of the infant till the infant is strong enough and then the parents would be able to help. The NICU is a high stress environment that can cause the preterm infant to become depressed because the lack of contact (Woodward et al., 2014). Touch is very important for an infant it creates a bond with its caregivers this is why there is high promotion to breast-feeding to create secure attachment. Breast-feeding promotes social bonds with the mother and child that can build a connection as well trust (Flacking, Ewald, Nyqvist, Starrin, 2006). With premature babies breast-feeding is a problem because the baby is either in the NICU or in an incubator. So usually a nurse has to bottle-feed the infant at first till the parents are allowed to help with the
Neal, D. O., & Lindeke, L. L. (2008). Music as a nursing intervention for preterm infants in the NICU. Neonatal Network, 27(5), 319-327. Retrieved from http://proxy.samuelmerritt.edu:2268/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=a8d019e7-49df-4d8e-a6b1-8774f2f36327%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4207
Schetter, C. (2009). Stress Processes in Pregnancy and Preterm Birth. Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 18(4), 205-209. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01637.x
Neonatal nursing is a field of nursing designed especially for both newborns and infants up to 28 days old. The term neonatal comes from neo, "new", and natal, "pertaining to birth or origin”. Neonatal nurses are a vital part of the neonatal care team. These are trained professionals who concentrate on ensuring that the newborn infants under their care are able to survive whatever potential life threatening event they encounter. They treat infants that are born with a variety of life threatening issues that include instances of prematurity, congenital birth defects, surgery related problems, cardiac malformations, severe burns, or acute infection. Neonatal care in hospitals was always done by the nursing staff but it did not officially become a specialized medical field until well into 1960s. This was due to the numerous advancements in both medical care training and related technology that allowed for the improved treatment and survival rate of premature babies. According to the March of Dimes, one of every thirteen babies born in the United States annually suffers from low birth weight. This is a leading cause in 65% of infant deaths. Therefore, nurses play a very important role in providing round the clock care for these infants, those born with birth defects or other life threatening illness. In addition, these nurses also tend to healthy babies while their mothers recover from the birthing process. Prior to the advent of this specialized nursing field at risk newborn infants were mostly cared for by obstetricians and midwives who had limited resources to help them survive (Meeks 3).
Prenatal brain development is not usually the first topic on a pregnant woman’s mind, if it crosses her mind at all! Many women do not know what adverse effects certain circumstances can have on a child’s development. The most obvious deterrent of brain development would be a physical injury to the child. If any portion of the child’s brain is damaged during pregnancy, the effects will almost certainly be long term. Most pregnant women successfully take the necessary steps to avoid physically damaging the child’s brain. Perhaps even scarier is the thought that continuous exposure to stress can also permanently damage the brain development of a child that has yet to be born. The US National Library of Medicine states that in humans and animals, prolonged exposure to stress that can be controlled by the mother may result in abnormal behavioral, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes. It is important for mothers to remember that they are no longer taking care of only themselves. Though unborn, there is a lot of damage that can be ...
NIPS is a validated scale used to assess procedural pain in babies. This scale is described by the authors as being judged based on the observation of six indicators of pain: movement of arms, movement of legs, breathing batterns, crying, facial expression, and arousal. The final record is a number between zero and seven, with seven indicating severe pain (Zhu et al, 2015, p. 367). Additionally, during review of the videos, the research assistants recorded latency to first cry and duration of first cry. Latency of first cry was defined by the authors as the duration between heel puncture and start of crying, and duration of first cry was defined as being from the start of crying until the infant had stopped crying for greater than five seconds (Zhu et al, p. 367). Overall, the instruments and data collection methods used in this study are adequately described and appropriate for the interventions being
Infant attachment is the first relationship a child experiences and is crucial to the child’s survival (BOOK). A mother’s response to her child will yield either a secure bond or insecurity with the infant. Parents who respond “more sensitively and responsively to the child’s distress” establish a secure bond faster than “parents of insecure children”. (Attachment and Emotion, page 475) The quality of the attachment has “profound implications for the child’s feelings of security and capacity to form trusting relationships” (Book). Simply stated, a positive early attachment will likely yield positive physical, socio-emotional, and cognitive development for the child. (BOOK)
Often frustrated parents or other persons responsible for a child’s care feel that shaking a baby is a harmless way to make a child stop crying. The number one reason why a baby is shaken is because of inconsolable crying. (National Exchange Club Foundation, 1998) An infant may spend two to three hours a day crying. (The Epilepsy Association of Central Florida) A caregiver momentarily gives in to the frustration of responding to a crying baby by shaking. Caregivers may be inadequately prepared for children.
..., L. L., Groer, M. W., & Younger, M. S. (2003). The behavioral effects of gentle human touch on preterm infants. Nursing Science Quarterly, 16(1), p60-67. Retrieved from http://www.capellauniversity.edu/library/12593316
I have always felt that the simple action of human touch is an underrated aspect of our lives. Only now, with the advances in neuroscience, we are finally able to prove the science behind why touch is so important in our lives. For the purposes of this paper, I will be focusing on the benefits of touch for infants and small children. I think that a lot of people don’t realize how important it is to have touch in our lives. I have always been interested in the ways the simplest of human contact like a hand on a shoulder or a hug can change people’s lives for the better. It is easy for those of us who have lots of physical touch in our lives to imagine that there are people out there who don’t get any physical contact with other people in their daily lives. We also live in a society where touch is an aspect of daily life that is being pushed farther out of mainstream culture. Canadian society is led by a prime minister who publicly gives his own five year old son a hand shake instead of a hug and even a simple hand shake is now being shied away from due to increasing fears of communicable diseases and infections. Lack of touch in early childhood can lead to developmental problems both mental and physical. This can lead to feelings of disconnection from society and problems with forming interpersonal relationships.
...Weller, Aron, Sirota, Lea & Eidelman, Arthur I. (2003). Testing a family intervention hypothesis: The contribution of mother-infant skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care) to family interaction, proximity, and touch. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 94-107. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.94
Levine’s Conservation Model has produced a suitable framework to study phenomena as it relates to nursing (Schaefer, 1991). Levine’s Conservation Model was utilized in a recent study by Mettford and Alligood (2011) to test a theory of health promotion for preterm infants. The article stated, “this study provides evidence that the Theory of Health Promotion for Preterm Infants based on Levine 's Conservation Model of Nursing holds promise as a theoretical framework to guide neonatal nursing practice and improve the health outcomes of nursing 's tiniest patients” (Mettford & Alligood,
In summary, the paper focused on caring for an infant with bronchiolitis. The student nurse has realised that it is important to gather information from the parents because they know their baby best. Nursing interventions should encourage family members to participate as well as they are the one who care about their child most. Special attention need to pay for children who attend day-care facility and follow up care is necessary.