Indo Pakistan Conflict Topic Background:
As World War II drew to a close, many new nations began to emerge. In the Middle East of course, the State of Israel was established; in South East Asia, two nascent countries were born, India and Pakistan. In 1947, Great Britain drafted a partition plan, separating British India into the two countries we now know as India and Pakistan. In conjunction was the Indian Independence Act, which formally gave both countries their sovereign right to govern, and also set forth plans for the princely states that surrounded India and Pakistan. One of these princely states, known as the Jammu/Kashmir region, was and still continues to be the casus belli of violence and dispute between both India and Pakistan. The region was 90% Muslim, but governed by a Hindu Maharaja, which resulted in discrepancies over which nation it would accede to. A war in 1947, known as the First Kashmir War, erupted between India and Pakistan in an effort to gain the territory for their respective nations. Out of fear for the safety of himself and the region, the Maharaja quickly signed the Instrument of Ascension, formally granting jurisdiction and rule to India. Pakistan denied the legitimacy of this ascension and thus the war progressed. It ended in January of 1949 after a UN brokered ceasefire. In 1962 India, seemingly wishful for Kashmir to be completely under its domain, clashed with the Chinese over regions in the North East of the Jammu/Kashmir territory known as Aksai Chin. The Chinese won a swift and complete victory of India, which maintained it’s control over the region; additionally, as a gesture of good faith towards China’s continued support of them, Pakistan formally gave China the rights to the Trans-Karakor...
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...sure the lasting peace of the implemented ceasefire as well as took a special interest in the establishment of the new nation of Bangladesh. Since 1948, the UN Security Council has passed 27 resolutions in regards to the issue of Kashmir, and the latest one was Resolution 307 in 1971. Landmark resolutions include Resolution 47, which established grounds for a free impartial plebiscite, and Resolution 91, which implemented and deployed the UNMOGIP. Since then, all previous and current Secretary Generals of the UN have stressed that the UNMOGIP remain in the region because no resolution has been passed to terminate it, as well as the fact that no definite future for Jammu/Kashmir has been decided upon, and until then, a clear peace in the region is highly skeptical. To date, no concrete agreement nor plebiscite has surfaced to determine the future of the Kashmiri state.
The Indian Independence Bill, which carves the independent nations of India and Pakistan out of the former Mogul Empire. The long-awaited agreement ended 200 years of British rule. The religious friction between Hindus and Muslims, which had delayed Britain’s granting of Indian independence after World War II, messed with Gandhi’s excitement. In the northern province of Punjab, (which was divided between Hindu-dominated India and Muslim-dominated Pakistan), hundreds of people were killed in the first few days after independence.
The Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam have been feuding for hundreds of years dating back to the beginning of the Islamic religion. The deity or god of the Sunnis is Allah. The Sunni branch of Islam is the larger of the two branches with over 80% of the Muslim population. The Sunni are the majority in most of the countries that have Islamic followers. There are a few different translations of what Sunna stands for, one of which is “Habitual Practice.” The differences between the two branches can be traced all the back to the 7th century CE when the disagreements as to who should succeed Muhammad. Sunnis believe that the Muslim community should maintain the right to select who the successor to Muhammad is going to be. The Shiite branch maintains the belief that Muhammad has selected his son-in-law to be the successor. Even though the two branches agree on most matters, the Sunni put more power behind god and his determination of fate, and are more inclusive about their definition of being Muslim. The Sunni place heavy belief in the role of religion in some aspects of life and a lot of weight is put on the Islamic law known as Shariah as the standard for a vast range of social issues including marriage and divorce. (Patheos.com)
... Jammu and Kashmir between India and Pakistan. Stronger states such as the US waged war against weaker states such as Vietnam. Interestingly, the defeat of the United States in Vietnam and of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan indicates to a more intricate concept of power which is broader than mere financial or military strength. In fact, a lot of the current theories of international relations dispute that power as conventionally described by realists is intrinsically unclear and open to analysis based on particular state of affairs. Nevertheless, it can be successfully concluded that power is primarily associated with what a state can stop another state from doing to it and what a state can do. The ways by which power is executed may be changing, yet the fundamental nature of competing desires and interests remain predominant in defining the international relations.
India had strong pre-existing divides between the two major religions of the region: Hinduism and Islam. As a result, two separate nationalists movements seeking their own individual independence were being fought against the British in unison. The Muslim League, led by their President Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was aiming to create an Islamic nation state from the removal of Britain in the region (Britannica). The Indian National Congress had the goal of Hindu-Indian independence and was led by President Dadabhai Naoroji (Robinson). Both groups were fighting the British leadership, but for their own goals. When the British gave in to the pressure that the nationalists were putting on them and withdrew from India, the Partition of India created the two independent nations. While both sides were pleased that they finally had their own countries, there were still issues standing in the way. One of the most glaring was the mass immigration of people into their new countries. The Hindus that had been in the area that was now Pakistan had to migrate to India, and the Muslims that had been in India had to migrate to Pakistan. The sudden displacement of nearly 12 million people across newly founded religious lines was a catalyst for conflict. All across the region, multi-religious communities that had co-existed for nearly 1,000 years began to fight in a chaotic outbreak of territorial and religious violence. By the time the mass immigration had come to a close, one to two million people had been killed (Jamal). The violent results of the Partition are one of the the main reasons for the hostility and hatred that exists between India and Pakistan in the present day. It was the unorganized and careless way that the Partition was implemented by the British that allowed all of this to happen. Britain granted the two nations their independence and quickly exited.
The Prince of Kashmir chose India but Pakistan invaded the province soon after and have occupied part of Kashmir since then. Controversy still surrounds the province today because naturally, Muslims want to control it. While many Muslims relocated to Pakistan and the Hindus to India, half of the Muslim population was left in India and their relations did not improve after being partially separated.
Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral, political and diplomatically. Even though Kashmir conflict is territorial issue it has also turned into religious conflict by the foreigner militant.
Gilgit Baltistan shares common border with Afghanistan, Tajikistan, China, India, and Pakistan. As part of the Jammu and Kashmir, it is one of the most politically sensitive and geo-strategically positioned regions in the world , it is also referred to as the “high roof of the world” . It has historically remained a flash point of political and military rivalries amongst various empires particularly the Russian, Chinese and the British . It has always been at the crossroads of civilizations and influenced by conquerors, raiders and travelers. Its geo strategic significance can be gauged by its geographical proximity to the major powers of the region, its proximity to the Afghan border, the Chinese engagement and potential for economic growth
India blames Pakistan for the militant uprising, claiming Islamabad is supporting cross-border terrorism. Pakistan responds that it merely provides diplomatic and moral support, arguing, furthermore, that India’s history of human rights abuses in the valley is to blame. With both countries now in possession of nuclear arms, the recent war in KARGIL and the increasing number of civilian deaths, refugees, and other human rights issues within Kashmir, the conflict seems to be taking on a more serious nature. In this paper, I will discuss the Kashmir conflict in some depth, examining the problem in its historical context and assessing whether there is sufficient political will at present to resolve the dispute.... ... middle of paper ...
After its “raj” for three centuries (1757-1947), in 1947, the British power was “transferred” to the two dominions, India and Pakistan. The former land was as the successor state of British India and Pakistan a second successor state. The price of the independence was the partition of continental India on the idea of communal majority principle of the “two-nation” theory theorized by the Muslim League. The partition of British India was a turning point because it left many questions unanswered and many conflicts unresolved. One question left elusive was, “Why did indepen...
The history of Indo-Pakistani relations has been a dominated by turbulence and bitter rivalry. After the partition in 1947, millions of people migrated to their new home in either the Islamic state of Pakistan or the secular state of India. Only two weeks after independence, India and Pakistan fought a war over Kashmir in 1948. India and Pakistan fought two more wars with each other in 1965 and 1971, with the latter resulting in the creation of Bangladesh. Since then, India and Pakistan have had very hard feelings against each other due to numerous Hindu-Muslim conflicts, the territorial dispute over Kashmir, and other bilateral tensions.
I don’t believe the Philippine War was justified. There are more ways than war to solve the annexation of the Philippines. I agree on some of the policies, but not all of the policies, that were in place during that time period.
“India and Pakistan: Tense Neighbours.” BBC. N.p., 16 Dec. 2001. Web. 15 May 2011. .
Kashmir — a beautiful mountain state with clear rivers, evergreen forests and one of the highest death rates in the world. It is at the center of an age-old dispute between Pakistan and India that has dragged on from the independence of both nations over fifty years ago to the present time, with no resolution in sight. The combined population of the two nation totals over a billion, so no conflict between them is of passing importance, especially when nuclear weapons are involved. Pakistan and India share a common heritage, language, and traditions, yet the subject of Kashmir can push them to the brink of annihilation. Fifty years of animosity have built up as a result. A proxy war still brews in Kashmir, claiming dozens of lives every day, running up a casualty total over time into the hundred thousands. Kashmiris have suffered untold horrors and Kashmir has the notorious reputation of being one of the world’s most dangerous flashpoints.
Behera, Navnita Chadha. Demystifying Kashmir. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2006. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Web. 20 Mar. 2014.
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a relatively new nation, having only gained independence from British India in 1947. Britain ruled the Indian subcontinent for a little less than 350 years prior to Pakistan’s independence. This included time during the rule of the British Raj, as well as the British East India Company prior to that. The rule of the British raj in the Indian subcontinent ended in 1947 through independence for India and Pakistan. Pakistan’s entire history has been marred by instability and the continued interference of the army within Pakistani politics. The core premise behind the creation of Pakistan was an independent state for the Muslims of India, who were clashing with Hindus. There were riots and clashes between both groups which led to a huge number of killings. Eventuall...