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Wombs in Labor Introduction
India: The “Mother Destination: “For Commercial Surrogacy July 26th
Quote “See the Taj Mahal by moonlight while our embryo grows in a Petri- dish”. -Slogan from a reproductive Website” In her book “Wombs in Labor” author Amrita Pande examines the boom of surrogacy in India and the women affected by the booming commercial use of poor woman in India who carry babies for infertile l woman from all over the world as part of a new medical tourism
Pande states India is surrogacy industry is interesting when it comes to surrogacy because it is the first country in the global south to with a flourishing industry in the national and transnational Commercial surrogacy. She states, though the U.S. remains the top global
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At the time of recruitment and counseling surrogates are assured their surrogacy does not involve any immoral act like having sex with a client. However, in informal counseling and mentoring surrogates who are business minded and negotiate their own wage are compared to prostitutes.
Although the anomalous process of surrogacy is an ethical quagmire in almost every country, and critical reason for the huge stigma surrounding surrogacy is that many Indians equate surrogacy with sex work. (though it does not involve intercourse.) Pandes says this stigma is due to lack of information made available to the people of India explains the techniques used in surrogacy that now separate pregnancy from intercourse. Popular media also add to the misconception since almost all portrayals of surrogacy in commercial equate surrogacy with
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The clinic hires brokers, and middle woman to convince and coerce woman into the stigmatized occupations. Once recruited the surrogates don’t have any choice but live in a hostel or clinic, since many of the surrogates keep their surrogacy secret from their families, husbands and communities, (Some even chose to pretend the baby is their own). Panda states this isolation and secrecy lends compliance of the surrogates, but also adds to the painful experience of choosing to be a surrogate.
Surrogacy as dirty work; pande asserts that the use of stigmatizing tactics of discipline and control surrogates is not restricted to the clinics and hostels. As the surrogates disrupt the gender norms, the get constructed as deviants, management at clinics and hostels use this stigma to ensure surrogates compliance to elevated surveillance during their pregnancy and also to maintain low
With entering of the 21st century, social life has undergone enormous changes, biomedical technology have seen an unprecedented development. Artificial reproductive technology is an important part in the entire biomedical technology, including artificial insemination, Al, inseminations, IVF, surrogacy, and clone it four ways. As biomedical technology difficulties encountered in the 20th century, like artificial reproductive technology despite already produced, but from the date they are incurred, it is doomed to its controversial. Surrogacy as an alternative reproductive technology, the continuation of the way is not a product of modern times. As the embodiment of modern technology, surrogacy contract appears firstly in the mid-1970s. Time Magazine in 1978 firstly used surrogate mother in the mainstream media to describe another female couple for fertility (Beverly, 1987). S...
Commercial surrogacy respects the feminist theory as it allows women to be heard and considers their feelings and relationships. Commercial surrogacy overcomes oppression by returning power to surrogates, defeating the patriarchal society and providing autonomy. Commercial surrogacy also tackles the issue of potentially exploiting women by protecting surrogates and, addressing the risks of surrogacy. There are many ethical issues surrounding women and the feminist theory can be a powerful tool in determining moral
The addition of a child into a family’s home is a happy occasion. Unfortunately, some families are unable to have a child due to unforeseen problems, and they must pursue other means than natural pregnancy. Some couples adopt and other couples follow a different path; they utilize in vitro fertilization or surrogate motherhood. The process is complicated, unreliable, but ultimately can give the parents the gift of a child they otherwise could not have had. At the same time, as the process becomes more and more advanced and scientists are able to predict the outcome of the technique, the choice of what child is born is placed in the hands of the parents. Instead of waiting to see if the child had the mother’s eyes, the father’s hair or Grandma’s heart problem, the parents and doctors can select the best eggs and the best sperm to create the perfect child. Many see the rise of in vitro fertilization as the second coming of the Eugenics movement of the 19th and early 20th century. A process that is able to bring joy to so many parents is also seen as deciding who is able to reproduce and what child is worthy of birthing.
Kuhse, H. and Singer, P. Bioethics: An Anthology. Malden, MA. Blackwell Publishing. 2006. Part II: Assisted Reproduction. Pence, G. The McCaughey Septuplets: God’s Will or Human Choice?, pages 87-88. Purdy, L. Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?, pages 91-93. Hanscombe, G. The Right to Lesbian Parenthood, pages 104-107.
...red. The basis of IVF, surrogate motherhood and sundry practices is allergic to morality. Further developments would only inspire other immoralities. We have to make them a tough procedure to follow. We need to construct an order before crises impose one as a necessity. By then many waters of life may have passed irrevocably under the bridge.
Sarah and Jim, a beautiful, married and happily ever after couple desperately to have a family are pursuing their dreams to become parents. The couple, however, cannot have kids due to the fact that Sarah is infertile. Given this situation, they have considered the idea of ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology). However, when it comes to make a decision; they both have different points of view and cannot come up with a plan. Sarah’s decision is based on Kantianism’s theory. She believes that surrogacy will be the best option for her since having a child inside her body will never be possible. In fact, surrogacy is an arrangement between the couple and a woman who is willing to carry and deliver the child. Surrogacy will be done with Jim’s sperm and Sarah’s eggs. The sperm needs to meet the eggs and then need to be implanted into the surrogate’s uterine wall. This process is usually done by artificial insemination which means that no sexual intercourse is needed. However,...
“Sometimes when making something so precious, beautiful and unique, it takes an extra helping heart” (Author Unknown). To me, surrogate motherhood is giving the gift of a child to an individual who cannot carry a child themselves. I chose this topic because it interests me to see what kind of problems are linked with the journey of surrogacy. I have seen plenty of fictional movies about surrogate mothers, and I wanted to learn if any of these issues happened in real life situations. Before I began my research I thought about the ethical, legal, and social problems that could arise during the process of surrogacy. Legally, I thought you could be a surrogate
Surrogate motherhood refers to that condition of a fertile (footnote) woman who has been contracted to become impregnated via reproductive technologies such as donor or artificial insemination. It is that condition wherein that fertile woman also has agreed to transfer her rights on the child to the biological parents after giving birth. This is bounded by a contract that was signed by the contracting parents and the surrogate. The reasons for this generally fall into two categories. Either the contracting couple is unable to produce a child or they would prefer to eliminate or enhance certain genetic traits. My argument would apply to either case. For the purpose of this paper, the motivations are irrelevant and the logic following applies to both. The possibility of surrogacy has gotten people into quite a tizzy with furious debates concerning issues such as the commedification of a woman’s reproductive organs, the physiological & psychological harm, and its social impacts on a religious definition of marriage. I will defend the claim that surrogacy is an immoral action which places a socially constructed and therefore arbitrary value on the natural phenomenon of human reproduction, the implications of viewing the natural in terms of the artificial can be seen through the increase psychological and health risks of the women that contract.
Gestational surrogacy, especially when it involves commercial surrogates, challenges the status quo in the ethical theory of reproduction, because with this technology the process of producing a child can no longer remain a private matter. Now a public contract exists between two parties, the couple and the surrogate ...
While surrogacy is a risky occupation, Prudy believes that women should be able to make that choice for themselves. Especially since in our daily lives we all engage in risky behaviors, such as driving a car or consuming alcohol. As a result, there is little reason to limit a woman’s choice in participating in surrogacy. However, Purdy admits that the current unregulated approach is unacceptable and legislations need to be endorsed in ordered to make the practice safer, since surrogacy will most likely continue to occur whether it is regulated or
In India, women are being manipulated to stop having children after their second birth. Officials claim that by regulating population and the pregnancies of women after their second child they will be able to empower women by offering them contraceptive choices and child care facilities. In reality, if women do not agree to be sterilized after their second birth they will be denied health care, rations for cheaper food, bank loans, and enrolment in government housing. Another major concern for women is the high rate of infant mortality in India. If women are sterilized after two births and lose one or both of their children, they will never be able to become pregnant again. Instead of the population control plan providing women with child care aid and options, they are removing their rights and their choices.
A surrogacy is the carrying of a pregnancy for intended parents. There are two kinds of surrogacy: “Gestational”, in which the egg and sperm belong to the intended parents and is carried by the surrogate, and “traditional”, where the surrogate is inseminated with the intended father’s sperm. Regardless of the method, I believe that surrogacy cannot be morally justified. Surrogacy literally means “substitute”, or “replacement”. A surrogate is a replacement for a mother for that 9-month period of pregnancy, and therefore is reducing the role of the surrogate mother to an oversimplified and dehumanizing labor. The pregnancy process for the gestational mother can be very physically and mentally demanding, and is unique because after birthing the
Surrogacy is becoming extremely popular as a way for people to build their families and women to have a source of income. Many people have various reasons for their opposition to it whether it be by comparing it to prostitution or disagreeing with how military wives take advantage of the Tricare insurance. Lorraine Ali states in her article “The Curious Lives of Surrogates” that one of the more popular reasons to oppose surrogacy is that it contradicts, “what we’ve always thought of as an unbreakable bond between mother and child.” However, a woman’s inability to conceive her own children does not determine the absence of a mother to child bond.
Most young people envision their future in the realm of getting married and creating a family. One of the most devastating things that can happen to a young couple is to be told they cannot have children. There are several options the couple can pursue, and one of those options available is surrogacy. Society today is torn on whether or not surrogacy should be legal in today’s world. Surrogacy is very controversial for many people around the world, and opinions are strong on the subject. Surrogacy is defined as the utilization of a third party female in order for a infertile family to create a biological child for their family. Legalized surrogacy is important to many couples as an option of creating the family they have always dreamed
Female foeticide has become a disgraceful and shocking reality of this nation. For centuries, families across many parts of India have look upon the male child as the superlative of the two sexes. A male child is seen as a blessing in the Indian society and since years people have made lavish offerings and numerous prayers in hopes for getting a son. These beliefs continue to remain even though times have changed and now much of the inequality is reducing. The Indian society recognizes a insightful faith in every individual’s right to life and dignity but this rights are dishonored when it comes to women and children in this society. A difference in a society’s ideal values and its reality is defined as a social