Section A:
This investigation will assess the extent of resistance of Incan civilization and the effects on the spread of Spanish culture and religion after the successful Spanish conquest, after 1532. Research in the Incan religion and culture cannot come from primary sources (the Incans), as most of the known information on the Incan comes from two sources, the records from foreigners, pre-conquest, and archeology found. To achieve this, sources containing information on religion and culture include: Religion and empire: the dynamics of Aztec and Inca expansionism by Geoffrey Conrad and Historia de los Incas by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. To assess resistance within Incan society, retaliation and preservation of culture and religion, including the significant of transculturation will be researched through the journal article, Becoming Saraguro: Ethnogenesis in the Context of Inca and Spanish Colonialism by Dennis Ogburn.
Section B:
The Incan Civilization can be linked to having origins dating back to the 13th century. The origin of the Incan civilization is mostly learnt from the drawings and folklore the Incans created, which foreigners would later discover. According to legend, the founder of the Incan civilization, Manco Cápac, traveled to the valley of Cusco with his Golden Magical staff and, with directions from the Sun God, “threw his golden staff into the Cusco earth, and when the staff disappeared, suggesting the land's fertility, he founded his city”. (Gamboa p.24) The son of Manco, Sinchi Roca, was the successor to the Incan throne and became the second emperor of the Incan Empire. In 1350, during the reign of Roca, the Incan established their first archeological feat as they built a bridge on the Apurimac River. In ef...
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...sh Colonialism." Ethnohistory 55.2 (2008): 287-319. Print.
Kamen, Henry. Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Print.
MacCormack, Sabine. On the Wings of Time: Rome, the Incas, Spain, and Peru. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2007. Print.
Yupangui, Diego De Castro, and Ralph Bauer. An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru. Boulder, CO: U of Colorado, 2005. Print.
Hernández, Felipe, Mark Millington, and Iain Borden. Transculturation: Cities, Spaces and Architectures in Latin America. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2005. Print.
Jarus, By Owen. "The Incas: History of Andean Empire." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 19 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.
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"Transculturation." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 19 Apr. 2014. Web. 01 May 2014.
113. 424 http://www.aztec-indians.com/aztec-art.html http://www.about-peru-history.com/inca-artifacts.html Voyages in World History, pg. 113.
Anais Nin once said that “we write to taste life twice: in the moment and in retrospection.” In his book, Seven Myths of Spanish Conquest, Matthew Restall tries to change our perception of the past in other to open our eyes to what life was really like during the colonial period. As Restall puts it, the main propose of the book is to “illustrate the degree to which the Conquest was a far more complex and protracted affair” (p.154) than what was supposed in the latters and chronicles left by the conquistadores. Each one of Restall’s chapters examines one of seven myths regarding the mystery behind the conquest. By doing so, Matthew Restall forces us to look back at the Spanish conquest and question
Varner, John G. and Jeanette Varner., trans., ed. The Florida of the Inca. Austin: U of Texas P, 1951.
The Aztecs and Incas were the two dominant new world societies which greeted and eventually succumbed to the Spanish conquistadors in the early 16th century. Since then, they have occupied some of the most curious comers of the western imagination. Purveyors of scholarly and popular culture render them in various disparate ways: as victims of European colonialism, incompetent militarists, heroic forbears, barbarians, or authentic practitioners of native utopias and cults. The Aztecs and Incas were two Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations that roamed the land of Latin America throughout 14th and 15th century. Aztec empire ruled much of what is now Mexico from 1428 till 1521, when the empire was conquered by Spaniards. Aztecs controlled a region stretching from the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico east to the Gulf of Mexico and south to Guatemala. Aztecs were great engineers and developed a multifarious social political and religious system with Tenochtitlan as their capital city. Inca Empire stretched it boundaries from Colombia to Chile and reached west to east from the Atacama to Amazonian rain forest. Incas lack the concepts of written language however they had an incredible system of roads. Casco as their capital Inca Empire only lasted a century before it was conquered by Spaniards in early 16th century. The two Mesoamerican civilizations burgeoned independently of each other with no cultural or religious swap. Aztecs and Incan societies were predominantly agricultural. Religions of both societies were shamanistic which were heavily influenced by preceding cultures. These complex polytheistic religions regardless of their chronological exclusivity have significant features in common.
The Inca Empire Janos Gyarmati’s Paria la Viexa and an expanding empire: Provincial centers in the political economy of the Inca Empire proved that the Inca’s built an empire unlike any other. From 1440 to 1532 A.D., the Inca Empire dominated the Americas. Known as “the fastest growing and largest territorial empire”(Gyarmati 37) of its time, the Inca Empire left a mark with their complex, perpetual and innovative economic, road, and settlement system. The Inca’s were advanced for their time, however, they lacked a system that would guarantee the survival of their kin. In order to strive, for the long-term, the Inca’s created provincial centers that would ensure their growth and economy for the generations to come.
The Incas are much more advanced. Labor specialization was common, especially in the large densely populated areas like Cuzco. The Incas made roads, irrigation channels, fortresses, and mines. They used crop rotation, terracing and other advanced agricultural methods. These civilizations had retainers and all had slaves, usually slaves from other villages that they had fought in wars.
Before any conquistador had ever step foot in Inca lands, issues that would lead to the Inca’s downfall had been buil...
Little is known about Pedro de Cieza de Leon’s youth. Historians have discovered that Pedro de Cieza de Leon was a Spaniard, a conquistador, and a writer of Peru’s history. Pedro de Cieza de Leon was not well educated and had only the most basic education from his local school parish (Atlantis). Although he did not have a superior education, his four part book is reliable because he wrote about what he observed as a conquistador. This document is full of interesting information for the reader to discover the Inca’s way of living.
This is a source from Francisco Pizarro’s brother, Hernando Pizarro. Both Francisco and Hernando were Spanish conquistadors known for their conquest of the Inca Empire in the 16th c. This source provides a description of the Pizarro brother's travels throughout the empire, along with their observations and thoughts about Incan society, and the current status quo of the Amerindian empire. In addition, it seeks to provide an accurate account of their explorations to counteract the false narratives that have been told to Spanish authorities.
There are many legends that are told about how the Incan Empire came to be. One is that the Incans lived without houses until the Son of the Sun appeared. The Son taught agriculture and masonry. The people became so successful that they had enough food for everyone in the entire empire. Ten million people went without hunger and all had clothing. The second myth is that Manco Capac, First Inca King, and his seven siblings came from the caves of Pacariqtambo. These first Incans were created by the sun god Inti. Their mission was to bring civilization to the world. The final legend is that the god, Viracocha, created man out of clay and stone at Tiwanaku. Viracocha then led the people that he created to Cuzco. Viracocha left the humans to reign from the heaves. Viracocha gave deities to control the lives of humans. The dispute still continues on whether Viracocha, or Inti is the supreme god of the Incans.
Stuart, Schwartz B. "World of the Incas, Main Page." World of the Incas, Main Page. History World International, 2002. Web. 17 Nov. 2013. .
Rock, D. (1987). Argentina, 1516-1987: From Spanish Colonization to Alphonsín. Berkley: University of California Press.
Patterson, Thomas C. "Tribes, Chiefdoms, and Kingdoms in the Inca Empire.” Power Relations and State Formation (1987): 1-15,117-127.
Brice, Arthur & Shoichet, Catherine E., 2010, “Peru’s president: Yale agrees to return Incan artifacts”: http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/11/20/peru.yale.artifacts/
Two documents were analyzed in this writing. A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and The Mayan Account of the Spanish Conquest. Both documents discuss Spanish entrance into the Indies and the underlying effect that was observed by Friar Bartolome de las Casas and Natives who called the Indies home.