Introduction
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) occurs when the kidneys are damaged slowly over a long period of time. The kidneys are two organs that do many important jobs in the body, which include:
Removing waste and extra fluid from the blood to make urine.
Making hormones that maintain the amount of fluid in your tissues and blood vessels.
Maintaining the right amount of fluids and chemicals in the body
A small amount of kidney damage may not cause problems, but a large amount of damage may make it hard or impossible for your child's kidneys to work the way they should. If steps are not taken to slow down the kidney damage or to stop it from getting worse, your child's kidneys may stop working permanently (end-stage renal disease or ESRD).
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Other causes include
Birth defects.
Certain kidney diseases such as:
Conditions that block outflow of urine from kidneys. These include obstructive uropathy, kidney stones, and some types of cancer.
Conditions that change the normal function or structure of kidneys.
Diseases that affect the immune system.
Genetic diseases.
Medicines that damage the kidneys, such as anti-inflammatory medicines.
Being around or being in contact with poisonous (toxic) substances.
A kidney or urinary infection that occurs again and again (recurs).
Trauma.
What increases the risk?
Your child is more likely to develop this condition if he or she has:
A problem with the structure or function of one or both kidneys or ureters, and this problem was present at birth (congenital).
Kidney disease that changes the function of one kidney or both kidneys.
A family history of kidney disease or failure.
What are the signs or symptoms?
Symptoms of this condition include:
Swelling (edema) of the face, legs, ankles, or feet.
Tiredness (lethargy) and having less energy.
Nausea or vomiting.
Confusion or trouble concentrating.
Problems with urination, such as:
Painful or burning feeling during
There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ACF form generally develops suddenly as a result of an infection or illness, such as, group A streptococci bacteria, hepatitis, or in diseases such as lupus or HIV (Mathias, 2013). This type may require dialysis to replace renal function while it lasts, however, kidney function usually returns after the primary illness is treated. Many acute patients will not have any other complications as no permanent damage is done. Whereas CKD is found in a person that has had glomerulonephritis for months to years in some cases and may be asymptomatic until the kidney has become irreversibly damaged. ARF can evolve to become chronic if the glomeruli do not respond to
The kidneys play a major role in the blood composition and volume , the excretion of metabolic wastes in the urine, the control the acid/base balance in the body and the hormone production for maintaining hemostasis. The damages to the GBM in the glomeruli alter filtration process that allows the protein and red blood cells to leak into the urine. Loss of protein like albumin in the urine results in a decrease of their level into the blood stream. Consequently, this patient’s blood reveals a decreased albumin (Alb) value of 2.9 g/dL, decreased serum total protein value of 5 .0 g/dL and in the urine presents of the protein and the RBCs. Impaired filtering capacity result in inability of kidneys to excrete excretory products like electrolytes and metabolic waste products that will then accumulate in the blood. Furthermore, inability of distal convoluted tubules to excrete sufficient quantities of potassium, sodium, magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), urea, creatinine (Cr), alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), and phosphate (PO4) results in their elevation in the blood. His laboratory values reveal an increased of sodium value of 149 meq/L, an increase of potassium value of 5.4meq/L, increased chloride value of 116 meq/L, increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) serum of 143 mg/dL, and increased creatinine serum of 7.14 mg/dL. The other abnormal blood tests associated with a loss of kidneys’ filtration property identify in this patient are related to an increase of alkaline phosphatase value of 178 IU/L, increased magnesium value of 3.8mgdL, and increased phosphate (PO4) value of 5.9 mg/dL .
According to the Mayo Clinic Staff (2012), acute kidney renal failure occurs abruptly when your kidneys lose their filtering abilities and cannot filter waste products from your blood. This is also known as acute renal failure or acute kidney injury. When this happens, high levels of waste may become accumulated in your blood and will alter your bloods chemical make up causing them to get out of balance. This failure or injury could happen rapidly over a few hours or a few days and can become fatal. Mostly people who are hospitalized and who are critically ill will need intensive care. If you take care of your body, acute kidney may be reversible and you may recover normal kidney function.
Introductions Throughout our body we have many majors organs and each organ has a major function on our body. One of the major organs of the urinary system is the kidneys. We have 2 reddish brown, fist size, bean shaped kidneys in our body located on the anterior side by the lower edge of the ribs on either side of the spinal cord. The major function of your kidneys is to filter the blood to remove waste products, helps balance water, salt, electrolytes and forms urine. There must be an adequate blood supply in order for the kidneys to function properly. When your kidneys suddenly shut down and stop working it’s called acute renal failure. Acute renal failure is the most common leading deaths in hospitals today.
Acute renal failure is a steady and fast deterioration of the functioning of the kidneys. This happens when there is a high level of the waste from the kidneys is left unattended. Acute renal failure occurs when the kidney fails to push out the waste or the everyday toxins out of the body in the form of urine. Simply put the kidneys have stopped working, they have lost their ability to filter water and waste from the blood. The kidneys remove the waste products help balance salt, water, and other minerals in our blood. With acute renal failure the kidneys lose the ability to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes.
The renal disease are common nowadays .The acute renal failure is a medical term means that the kidneys stopped from working and not able to clear toxins from body ,not able to maintained a stable electrolyte balance inside the body and not able to secret the extra fluid as urine outside the body. The renal replacement therapy (RRT) or dialysis has been discovered on 1913 by Able, Rowntree and Turner in London, UK.
According to the Mayo Clinic, Kidney Failure occurs when the kidneys are suddenly unable to filter waste products from the blood. This occurring, results in the body beginning to accumulate high levels of dangerous waste, which eventually leads to a chemical imbalance in the blood. Symptoms of the kidney’s inability to
renal disease that requires dialysis or needing a kidney transplant. Medicare does not cover the
Kidney damage can occur from hypertension which causes blood vessels in the kidneys to shrink and harden; infections travelling though the bloodstream; long-term and uncontrolled diabetes, and genetically inherited kidney problems. (Edith Cowan University, 2001-2004)
Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.
Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of a kidney due to a blockage that stops urine from flowing out of the body.
can block the urinary tract. This blockage will probably cause a lot of pain. If
A blockage of the urethra can affect emptying of the bladder, causing the pressure in the bladder to be greater. This places extra pressure on the renal pelvis in both kidneys and on the ureters, which can dilate.
Kidney disease in cats isn't a sudden death sentence when effectively treated to give a higher quality life. It is doubtlessly that you love your cat, therefore if she's diagnosed with such disease, you should try in giving her the very best to allow her live happily for the rest of her
Understanding Chronic Kidney Disease: A guide for the non-specialist [online]. M&K Update Ltd [viewed 20 February 2016]. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk