Metformin is administered orally. It is manufactured in active form. It is recommended that this medication be taken with food, but this decreases the bioavailability by delaying absorption (Wilbur, 2013). This medication undergoes first pass metabolism in the liver. On an empty stomach, the bioavailability of Metformin is approximately 50% to 60% and it takes 4 to 8 hours to reach peak plasma levels with steady state plasma levels being reached within 24 to 48 hours (U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2008). Metformin is eliminated through first-order kinetics with a half-life of close to 17 hours and it is excreted almost exclusively unchanged in the urine through tubular secretion (FDA, 2008).
Metformin is prescribed for long-term treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus. It can be used alone or in combination with other drugs for diabetes management as part of a health plan that includes proper diet and exercise. Metformin, which has a low affinity for plasma protein binding, limits glucose production in the hepatic system, lowers absorption of glucose in the intestines and improves insulin sensitivity by enhancing uptake and utilization of glucose (FDA, 2008). This drug does not cause an increase in insulin, making it less likely to cause a patient to become hypoglycemic compared with other common antihyperglycemic medications.
The most common sides effects associated with Metformin are gastrointestinal complaints; some of which are severe enough to cause patients to discontinue the medication. These include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and indigestion (Wilbur, 2013). Patients should see a decline in these side effects with continued use. Taking Metformin with food helps with these GI side effect...
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...ion’s recommended immunization schedules for aged 0 through 18 years, the following vaccinations should be considered:
Meningococcal; 1 dose of Menactra or Menveo
Tetanus, diphtheria, & acellular pertussis (Tdap); 1 dose with toxoid booster every 10 years
Human papillomavirus; 3 dose series at 0, 1-2, and 6 months scheduled
The patient should also receive annual influenza vaccines.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016)
The patient should be assessed for egg allergy before administering vaccinations. Common side effects of these vaccines may include low-grade fever and discomfort at the injection site. The Tdap vaccine is contraindicated in patients with a history of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (Arcangelo, 2013). As with any vaccine, previous reaction to these vaccines or any of their components is a contraindication for vaccine administration.
Type 2 Diabetes cannot be cured, therefore leading to the treatments only being able to control it and not cure it. One treatment that is available for Type 2 Diabetes patients is medication, this medication is a drug in tablet form called Metformin. This drug is prescribed by an individuals GP/doctor either in a hospital or a GP surgery, it will be put on prescription for the patient at least every month. The drug helps
J.S. was recently started on Methimazole for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed by lab results and thyroid ultrasound. She was prescribed Methimazole 5 mg oral tablet 3 times per day. The current dosing is appropriate for this patient as the recommended initial dosage for mild hyperthyroidism is 5 mg orally every 8 hours. Thyroid hormones are produced and released by the thyroid gland and regulate the body's metabolism. Methimazole is an antithyroid agent. The mechanism of action involves inhibition of thyroid hormone production. Inhibition of thyroid hormone production normalizes the thyroid gland and reduces the symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
For type II Diabetes, patient takes metformin to inhibit the production of glucose in liver and to increase the sensitivity to insulin
By 2006, vaccines for Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR), Hepatitis A and B, Chickenpox, and Hib were created and licensed. Vaccinations for these diseases, as they were created, would be required of students enrolled in school (“Government”). Today, the most common vaccines required by
However a lot of research has been done to back up the scheduled time of all the vaccines so unless completely necessary it’s highly recommended to follow the immunization schedule.
-Educate on the side effects including fatigue, heat intolerance, fever, sweating, hyperactivity, tremors, palpitations, myocardial infarction.
Metformin Hydrochloride is one of the oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat Type II Diabetes (Allen, Brock et.al. 2009) which Mrs. Polly Pharm is diagnosed with. Because of her type II diabetes, which is known as having impaired insulin secretion and insulin receptor insensitivity (Allen, Boucher, Cain & Cooper, 2007), this drug activates Mrs. Polly’s pancreatic beta cells to release insulin although her pancreas is considered to be least functioning. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production and absorption of glucose in the intestines and also improves insulin receptor sensitivity.
Taking this vaccine may increase the risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome. Talk to the doctor and learn how to recognize the early symptoms of this disorder. If you experience
The Set of vaccinations have been recommended by the doctors and health officials for every child by the age of six. By doing this children develop immunity for the diseases they are vaccinated for. Therefore, vaccination reduces the risk for spreading the infections and virus of the extremely dangerous disease. The immunity is created when all kids are vaccinated.
According to The Health Wyze Report, there is an undeniable connection between autism and vaccinations in addition to many others, such as Guillain Barré syndrome, which is permanent paralysis. T Anti-Vaccine Scientific Support Arsenal states, “Andrew Wakefield’s colleague who co-authored the MMR study that linked the MMR vaccine to autism, has been exonerated and his studies have been confirmed (“Vaccines DO Cause Autism-Undeniable Scientific Proof”). Vaccines are supposed to protect people from diseases, but nearly all vaccines lose their effectiveness over time. Sometimes, people become infected by vaccines because of the live viral strands used. They end up getting the exact disease they were seeking protection from. The chances of catching some of these diseases we are vaccinated for are remote and the side effects from the vaccines are so common that it does more damage than good to our bodies. Regardless of whether or not you agree or disagree with vaccines, there are side effects. The CDC lists the mild, moderate, and severe side effects of each vaccine. Although rare, sometimes people have adverse effects. For example, the mild risks from the DTaP vaccine include fever, vomiting, soreness/tenderness/redness/swelling where the shot was given, and swelling of the entire arm or leg where the shot was given. Moderate and uncommon problems include seizure, nonstop crying, and high fever.
Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome which causes relative or absolute insulin deficiency and characterized by hyperglycemia. The most common type is Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Metformin which is a biguanid group drug is the first line treatment for diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycemia does not usually occur with metformin and other advantages are the lower incidence of weight gain. It is mainly absorbed in intestine inhibits the hepetia gluconeogenesis and increases insulin sensitivity. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with hepatic, renal, heart and respiratory failure.
Vaccines are becoming increasingly hazardous for many children and parents are not being informed about the safety of their children. Current reports are linking vaccines to serious life-threatening disorders such as asthma, autism, immune system dysfunction, and mental retardation (Williams). These recent revelations are causing an increasing amount of people to claim religious and medical exemptions from vaccines. From 1999 to 2006, exemptions have more than doubled from 9,722 to 24,919 (Cronin). It is very clear that vaccinations are posing many problems for parents everywhere. Each day researchers are finding out about vaccines and are realizing that there are a lot more risks than benefits. Dr Phillip F. Incao explains: “Today, far more children suffer from allergies and other chronic immune system disorders than from life-threatening infectious disease. It is neither reasonable nor prudent to persist in presuming that the benefits of any vaccination outweigh its risk” (qtd in Spaker). While infectious diseases are becoming uncommon there is no need for any person to get vaccinated.
The number of vaccinations a child receives, in the first six years of his/her life, has increased dramatically. According to “Vaccine Controversies” by Kathy Koch, “Today, an American child receives up to 39 doses of 12 different vaccines, most given during the first two years of life. And, unlike in previous decades, today’s youngsters are given multiple inoculations on the same day” (643). These twelve different vaccinations
One of the major question that needs to be consider when vaccinating a child, do the risks of the...