Implicit role of metabolism in microbial control
For many years, the process of microbial control has become one of the most discussed topics around the world. Numerous studies have evolved from the process of microbial control and the implication of metabolism. Metabolism in microbial control is one of the most important pathways into disrupting the chemical reactions of microbes. By disturbing the catabolic and anabolic process of energy, the cell can no longer use ATP to synthesize or to continue on multiplying. As metabolism plays a major role in microbial synthesis, microbiologists use this same resource as a method of controlling microbes. By disrupting the cell’s metabolic process, microbiologists are able to provide alternative ways that society, hospitals, and health care providers could used to control microbial growth. Hence, microbiologist are using physical, chemical, and chemotherapy to control microbial growth.
A physical agent that has reduced the growth of microbes by targeting the process metabolism is heat. Heat is performed in the form of moist heat and dry heat. Moist heat could be in the form of stem under pressure, non pressurized steam, boiling, and pasteurization. Moist heat is effective in low temperatures that range from 121-134° C. These temperatures require short exposure to heat from 3-15 minutes. During the process of moist heat, microbial metabolism is discontinued as proteins are denatured by the exposure to heat. In the process of dry heat, microbial control requires higher temperatures that range from 121-170° C. The amount of time necessary in order for dry heat to be successful is from 1-10 hours. As dry heat takes place, metabolism is disrupted by the removal of water. Microbial control i...
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... control microbial growth, but careful administration must also be provided. Antimicrobial gents in access could not only harm the disease causing microbe, but the body as well. It is also important in chemotherapy agents, that antibiotics are used properly because bacteria could attain resistance. Therefore, the role of metabolism in the life of a cell, is a blue print to the control of microbial growth.
References
McDonnell, G., & Russell, A.D, (1999). Antiseptics and Disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clinical microbiology Review, 12,147-179.
Talaro, Katheleen. P. (2009). Foundations in Microbiology. (7th ed. pg. 324-327). New York, NY: The McGraw Hill Companies.
Todar, K. (2009). Antimicrobial Agents Used in the Treatment of Infections Disease. The microbial World. Department of Bacteriology, UW-Madison. Web.
4. Although iron is a critical nutrient, and can be beneficial to your body, too much iron can allow infections to develop quicker. When Dr. Weinberg tested tetracycline by adding a bit of it to Petri dishes with bacteria and various other nutrients, Dr. Weinberg concluded that the dish that contained iron, even though the antibiotic was present, fostered an extreme amount of development of bacteria. The control variable in this experiment would be just the ...
Gut bacteria keep humans healthy by stimulating the digestive process within the large intestines. In order for nutrients to be successfully absorbed in the colon, non-digestible carbohydrates are degraded by beneficial gut microbial. One example of an anaerobically respiring bacterium which dominates the large intestine is bacteroide thetaiotaomicron. This bacteri...
All living organisms require energy. In order to obtain energy, cells within the organisms must go through the processes of cellular respiration and/or fermentation. The way in which “oxidation of glucose leads to ATP production” is emphasized in cellular respiration (Freeman et al., 2014).
“Antibiotics" is the name given to the group of chemicals, particularly in medicine, that stop or inhibit the growth of, microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and parasites, or that kill the microorganism. They are, however, completely ineffective against viruses. There are two kinds of antibiotics, namely; bactericides, which interfere with the cell wall or contents of the bacteria, thereby killing it, and bacteriostatics, which prevent the bacteria from reproducing. They are used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Bacteria are microorganisms consisting of single cells, and reproduce by mitosis. They usually live in colonies. Some bacteria and other microorganisms produce antibiotics to kill off other species, making more resources available for the organism making the chemicals. Ironically, it was this that led to the discovery of antibiotics in 1928, when Alexander Fleming noticed that the fungus Penicillium notatum, which had contaminated a sample of pathogenic bacteria, had killed the bacterial colonies in a petri dish.
Humans need various things in our lives in order for us to continue our growth. When we are infants, we need milk to meet our daily nutritional values. As we get older we need plenty of physical activity. We also need to rest often to allow our bodies a chance to repair themselves. Microbes are no different in that they need many things for them to survive and grow. In the following paragraphs, I’d like to look at five factors that can affect a microbe’s ability to grow.
“But how did it come to this?” you’re probably asking yourself. Humans may have been studying antibiotics, but so were bacteria – and they’ve b...
Bacteria can be prevented from growing and/or living with the use of antibiotics. Antibiotics combat bacteria several ways by preventing the cell wall from developing properly, protein synthesis hindrance, interferes with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) production by impeding cell division, interfering with outer-membrane and plasma function, killing the cell (Aziz, 2013).
For many years we have become increasingly dependant on antibiotics to fight off the bacteria that cause diseases in our bodies. Many of the diseases these bacteria and microbes cause are infectious. For these reasons, it has been noticed that bacteria and other microbes are becoming increasingly resistant to the antibiotics prescribed to sick people. Many doctors prescribe antibiotics for common illnesses, yet other medicines such as home remedies and homeopathy could be used instead. As a result, we are using antibiotics too often, as many sources claim we should only be using them once every three years.”Bacteria have shown a remarkable ability to endure and adapt to their environment including the development of different mechanisms of resistance to most old and new antimicrobial agents”. Because of the frequent prescription, the bacteria and microbes that cause these illnesses are exposed to the same type of antibiotics frequently, thus they are able to adapt and build up resilience against these antibiotics. “Bacteria have developed resistance to all different classes of antibiotics discovered to date” . This is a major problem as we rely so heavily on antibiotics to treat serious illnesses that we are running out of options to treat them with. The prescribing of antibiotics for illnesses that are not life-threatening are now resulting in fewer solutions to cure people affected by diseases that can be fatal.
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
In the article by Aziz (2013), several issues have been identified relating to antibiotic resistance, antibiotic structure and function and the properties which lead to bacteria becoming resistant. The article identifies ways in which healthcare professionals can help to reduce antibiotic resistance. Many antibiotics are now ineffective against resistant organisms, particularly Gram negative bacteria (Aziz, 2013). The situation with antibiotic resistance is heightened by a significant decrease in the research and development of new and effective antibacterial agents.
The term “Probiotic” is derived from Greek which means pro: for and bios: life (for life) in contradiction to antibiotic which means: against life. The term probiotic was first introduced by Lilly and Stillwel (1965) to express growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Parker (1974) first specified designation “Probiotic”. He defined probiotics as microorganisms or substances, which contribute to the balance of the intestinal micro flora. Probiotics are biological products, which stimulate the immune system and increase its defensive activity against pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics stimulate the natural resistance of the organism by increasing the number of antibodies and increasing the effectiveness of macrophages (Stern et al.,2001). The probiotics are mainly used to balance the microflora of organisms, which in turn helpful for the growth of an organism as well as its production (Kabir et al.,2005). Probiotics will secrete the antimicrobial substances and alter the microflora to suppress the pathogen activity and they will show the anti-toxin effect (Janardhana et al.,2...
The first phase is the lag phase. This is the phase in which bacteria will learn to adapt to certain conditions like moisture or heat. The bacteria will also mature during this phase and will not have the ability to divide and grow slowly. The bacteria will start synthesizing the necessary proteins, co-enzymes and vitamins needed for their growth. Because of this, there will be an increase in the lag phase. Likewise when a bacterium from a medium lacking in the proper nutrition is added to a nutritionally rich medium, the bacteria can adapt easily and start the cell division without delay (Peck, M. (2012)).
Microbes are everywhere in the biosphere, and their presence invariably affects the environment in which they grow. The effects
Oxygen (O) is one of the most important ions present in the body, making up 61% of the body’s mass. It aids in the destruction of harmful bacteria, while preserving the bacteria that is beneficial for the body. Oxygen takes on its role, and transfers the bacteria absorbed into the lungs, to the cells, allowing for cell respiration. Oxygen allows for the replacement of old cells, protection of the new ones, production of energy from the food, and decomposition of other foods (“Oxygen and Human Body,” n.d.). Oxygen is also vital to produce an activity known as metabolism, which is ‘the sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which its material substance is ...
... a weighed Nalgene bottle and spread in a layer on a side of the bottle and then reweighed. A carbon dioxide sensor will be placed on the bottle opening. Using Lab Quest recorder, data will be collected for five minutes. After, the slope of the carbon dioxide production will be indicated and it will be used to calculate the rate of carbon dioxide was produced. The slope that indicates how much carbon dioxide was produced will be converted to milliliters per hour. Then, moles of gas shall be calculated. For 1 mole of carbon dioxide produced, 5.33 moles of ATP was produced (UCR Winter 2014 Bio 05LA Lab Manual: Lab#6, pg.4). The rate will be used to measure the corn seedlings metabolic rate with yeast cells rate after calculations.