I. Introduction
Sound policies are the underpinning of the democratic governance and closely related to citizens’ livelihoods, the operation of business and the interests of various social groups. Formulating sound policies is the important start of the policy making process, while the implementation system of these policies is the key to determine the outcomes of the policies. Hadson and Lowe (2004, 245) point out the significance of implementation:
Policy is not a settled end product and the significance of the moment and place of delivery is that policy can be and usually is remade during implementation. (Hudson and Lowe, 2004, 245)
Therefore, making implementation analysis, which normally focuses on identifying and bridging implementation
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The Concept of Implementation Gap: Difference between Expectation and Reality
Implementation gap, which is also called implementation failure, is the difference between the policymakers’ aspirations and the reality of policy outcome in the policy delivery process (deLeon, 1999; Hill, 2005; Hill and Hupe, 2009). It usually manifests that the solutions, which have been adopted in the policy, are not well functioned in practice as expected.
The implementation may lead to the waste of resources, and sometimes, even, may have a negative impact on varies areas of life, from lowering the quality of delivered service to destructing the business environment, and to sacrificing human rights and citizenship. This problem is universally occurring in countries all over the world and at all levels of governments. However, ordinary citizens from developing countries without democratic political system suffer more than those from developed countries with sound political system. The problems of incomplete anti-corruption, talent selection and communication system, and non-efficient bureaucratic structure in developing countries may lead to implementation gap, which makes policies cannot secure the rights of citizens (Makinde, 2005). The essay discusses this issue in the following
The purpose it was not successful is because obstructions did not take action appropriately. For example, the requirements to qualify for financial support, when delivering a child, were not constructed properly. The guidelines would not be checked when considering a incident to decide whether the candidate was eligible. On the other hand, the video cameras installed in foster cares’ were destroyed by owners of the homes and would argue that they broke out of the know where. Therefore, the new policy went straight to the bottom.
Policy in my perspective illustrates as a decision making, planning and or action taken to achieve a certain specific goal within our society. According to Longest B. (2010), his definition stated in his text book states that a policy is defined as ” authoritative decisions made in the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of government that are intended to direct or influence the actions, behaviors, or decisions of others.” In developing a policy, certain steps need to be taken in act to implement the policy. The crucial steps in implementing a policy are: recognizing the problem, agenda setting, formulating the policy, and finally implementing the policy (N.A., 2015).
Developing a policy is something that takes concession, adjustments and renovation throughout the process. Policy makers must keep this in mind when trying to address a need in society and how they can address such need through regulatory policy making. Policy makers must keep in mind what additional problems may come into play when designing this policy, what is too strict of a punishment for not abiding by this policy and who will the policy directly affect and how to address their problems individually. As a policy maker they must address the issue looking at the big picture then narrow down the small issues that must be resolved throughout. This is not a onetime shot kind of things policy must be constantly renovated to create the most operative policy that can be made. Which is why policy design is such a pressing topic in the policy makers today.
Throughout this assignment a variety of terminology will be used, first it is appropriate to define what the term ‘Social Policy’ means. Social policy can be defined in different ways and ‘there is no established or agreed definition of social policy’ (Baldock et, al., 1999:21). From reading different books on social policy, the author’s understanding of social policy is it provides guidelines to deal with social problems . Social problems are matters which direct...
Policy Analysis is a complicated topic in the field of social work. It is used as a means to study and understand a policy in all of its dimensions. There are different dimensions of a policy analysis, but the purpose of the analysis determines which parts are to be taken into consideration. The policy itself can alter the policy analysis. I have created a program that deals with child welfare, and it will require me to complete a policy analysis.
Social Policy is an analysis of the social services and the welfare state. The welfare state is what gives individuals the chance to bounce back after adversity that may happen in their lives. Social policy is used to develop and deliver services to society to meet the welfare and wellbeing needs of those who may need it (Alcock, 2008, p.2). Social policy focuses on unemployment, people with disabilities, elderly, vulnerable and less-able people, single parent families and how help and support to them can be delivered in the best way possible. Social policy notifies the way in which health services, legislations and policies are conveyed. Over time, governments have either changed or built on existing legislations and policies in response to
He also stressed the need to address bribery and corruption in the government and the public sector as a whole which were rampant and interfering with the reform process. Although the government is committed itself to be a more transparent and accountable government, it is not very successful and there is a long road ahead with many challenges. This paper analyses the policy options that have been implemented by the government to reduce corruption and build integrity. At the same time, this paper also discusses the extend of success of the government in creating a clean government and good
Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework rose up out of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University, Bloomington. Spearheaded by Elinor and Vincent Ostrom, it is the result of work from numerous specialists from around the globe who are intrigued by seeing how people act in aggregate activity settings and the institutional institutions that administer such plans.
The main negative side effect for the policy proposals is the risk that the changes are slight and have no real weight for producing a successful turn around in our system. Furthermore, if the public doesn’t support the policies or get on board, then the success will be
Or executive orders can be something not very noticeable, for example Barack Obama’s executive order to establish a community solutions council. But just like the previous steps, the adoption stage have certain factors that can speed up, slow down, or completely halt this step. Some of same issues that occurred in the first couple steps may also be an issue in the adoption stage as well. For instance, the media can affect how fast or slow a policy solution is adopted and can even remove it as a solution all together by either supporting or undermining the importance and effectiveness of a policy once it is implemented. Also once a policy is accepted and adopted by Congress, it isn’t the end of the road for that policy. As being adopted is only half the battle of becoming legitimate, the policy must also be
By arguing who the actor is to be responsible to fit into the position of social laws, public policy expresses itself in term of “public offices within government, and by extension the citizens they represent, choose to do or not to do about public problems” (Kraft & Furlong, 2013, pg. 3) in which public policy is the regulation people are following other than laws and regulations. Due to its complexity, policy cycle has been generated as the end-producer of this policy institutionalism. Implicitly, a number of fundamental elements are to be notified as the most significant factors to focus on how well-designed the policy cycle is by regarding to the aspects policy cycle concentrate on. While we pay attention on analyzing the current existing policy cycle developed by Lasswell, the thought of this certain structural paradigm is the key to unlock this door to encourage us to distinguish what the relationship is between policy cycle and cycle-relevant theories. Starting with the emergence of public policy is to undertake “a technical process and as a facet of the Social” (Hodgson, 2007, pg. 37), which the primary goal of policy cycle facilitates the administrative-management task for public policy by restricting each single stage. In additional, policy cycle has indicated itself as the promoter to evaluate how interactive the relationship is between policy cycle and dual-sided theories. In this paper, I will examine how influential the contribution the policy cycle, Political Opportunity Structure and Group-Grid Cultural Theory has gone through vis-a-vis.
Based on the evidence from various scholars, the results of policy evaluation help in making decisions concerning the effectiveness of the policy. For example, the results of policy evaluation contribute to identifying areas that need improvement to enable the efficiency of the implementation. Secondly, the results of policy evaluation help the policy makers to express effective policies that aim at improving the well-being of the target group.
According to Sapru R.K. (2008) p370-371 the traditional ideal of public administration which inclined to be firm and bureaucratic was based on processes instead of outcomes and on setting procedures to follow instead of focusing on results. This paradigm can be regarded as an administration under formal control of the political control, constructed on a firmly ranked model of bureaucracy, run by permanent and neutral public servants, driven only by public concern. In emerging nations the administration was true bureaucracy meaning government by officers. In this perspective Smith (1996) p235-6 perceived that“the bureaucracy controls and manages the means of production through the government. It increases chances for bureaucratic careers by the creation of public figures,demanding public managers, marketing boards.
Public Managers have to participate in the policy making process. Previously, according to scholars, “policy process” was considered “decision making” (Wu, Ramesh, Howlett, & Fritzen, 2010). Under such pretense, public managers considered their role merely with policy implementation. However the recent theories that define public policy, have demarcated public policy as an activity that involves a broad range of activities ranging from defining problems, ensuring the defined problems to make it to agenda, developing alternative solutions of addressing these issues, implementing the results and evaluating the outcomes.
Public policy can be defined as “What ever governments choose to do or not do” (Dye, 2008, p 2). In the context of this essay, public policies are a set of actors by the government in order to reach out to the masses. The ministries and departments are mandated to deliver specific mandates in the form of public goods and services.