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Hydraulic fracturing literature review
Hydraulic fracturing literature review
Hydraulic fracturing literature review
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Shale gas has exploded in the North American market. Technology advancements and closing the gap in the days required for in between well moves are making it profitable for owner/operators. Other markets are faced with numerous challenges, and for them this is not the case. What are the challenges that European and Asian markets face, and when will they reap the rewards from their shale rich geologies?
Less than 5 years ago, North America’s shale boom was readily dismissed and looked upon as a “source for marginal additions” to the supply of oil globally. (Faucon, 2013) With the emergence of hydraulic fracturing and other innovations, drillers are able to access complex rock formations in difficult to reach resources, resources once thought impossible to attain. (Faucon, 2013) OPEC can no longer ignore the success the US is attaining as “shale oil production in the U.S. and Canada is expected to jump by nearly at third, to 3.3 million barrels a day.” (Faucon, 2013) Other markets that are members of OPEC are taking notice. As they see a decline in export shipments to the US, some fear they may not recover from the US output.
Why can’t this success be easily replicated in other markets? Control of mineral rights, taxes on oil and gas profits, politics, environmental constraints, the different geological landscapes, climates, ample water sources, transportation abilities and access to service providers and competent skilled workers all play a factor in both European and Asian shale markets.
Europe faces many challenges. The sector is less developed, geological information is lacking, the population is dense compared to that in North America, and their service industry is under-developed. These challenges len...
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...heir challenges and embrace their shale rich geologies. Economists are predicting seeing turnarounds in as quickly as the next 3 years for Europe and perhaps 5-10 years in Asia.
Works Cited
Carter, J. (2013). China Shale Oil Investing. Energy & Capital.
Cool, K. (2013). Europe’s shale gas competitiveness challenge and consequences for the petrochemical sector. Insead Knowledge.
Editor. (2013). The threat of Shale gas. Business Day.
Faucon, B. (2013). OPEC Expects North American Shale Oil Output to Jump. Wall Street Journal.
Geny, F. (2010). Can Unconventional Gas be a Game Changer in European Gas Markets? http://www.oxfordenergy.org
Harlan, C. (2013). Asia wants a piece of the U.S. shale gas boom; Japan, South Korea seek lower-cost LNG. The Washington Post.
Russell, W. (2013). Shale Boom in China? Not so fast . . . . The American Interest.
Scherer, Ron. "US to Tap Strategic Petroleum Reserve to Drive Gas Prices down." The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor, 23 June 2011. Web. 09 Apr. 2012.
America is dependent on other nations for their ability to create energy. The United States is the world’s largest consumer of oil at 18.49 million barrels of oil per day. And it will continue to be that way for the foreseeable future considering the next largest customer of oil only consumes about 60% of what the U.S. does. This makes the U.S. vulnerable to any instability that may arise in the energy industry. In 2011, the world’s top three oil companies were Saudi Aramco (12%), National Iranian Oil Company (5%), and China National Petroleum Corp (4%). The risk associated with these countries being the top oil producers is twofold. One, they are located half way around the world making it an expensive to transport the product logistically to a desired destination. And two, the U.S. has weak, if not contentious,...
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The United States has an immense amount of proven natural gas reserves that could become a major source for the nation's energy future (1). The mining of the natural gas resources have become feasible and cheaper due to the advancement of hydraulic fracturing technologies which have increased the amount the extraction and enabled “greater access to gas in shale formations” (2). Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking of shale formations has positive benefits that includes economic growth and the natural gas extracted is cleaner than coal and oil, however it has caused serious environmental problems and possibly could be the cause of recent seismic activity in areas where fracking operations exist (3).
As years pass and demand for gasoline increases, it is inevitable that the world’s oil supply will not last forever. This idea is made increasingly clear by evidence of peaking. Peak production is the point in time when about one-half of the world’s oil supply will be gone. Oil production in a given ...
In 1821, Shale gas was first time extracted from under ground as an energy resource in Fredonia, New York state. The shale gas technology has been developed from 1930s, and the first shale gas developing well was established in 1947. The scale shale gas industry was began at 1970s; during that time, the United State government had to fund into shale gas in order to face the decline of nature gas recourse capacity. Thanks to this situation and the investment, some unavoidable technologies’ develop such as: directional well and horizontal well technology, seismic imaging technology and large hydraulic fracturing technology.
Throughout the past three decades, energy has been a perennial issue in United States politics, economics, and media. The main concern surrounding this topic is the idea of energy independence and how the United States should proceed into the future. Energy independence relates to the goal of reducing United States dependence on importing foreign oil and other foreign energy sources. This desire aims to maintain energy dependence domestically so the United States can avoid reliance on any unstable countries and be detached from global energy supply distribution. It is currently being speculated that the United States might not be too far off from this goal. America’s dependence on foreign oil has gone down every single year since 2007. In 2010, the U.S. imported less than 50 percent of the oil the country consumed -- the first time that’s happened in 13 years -- and the trend continued in 2011 (Zhang.) Experts credit new technology as the reason the United States is within several years of again becoming the biggest oil producer in the world, and perhaps two decades away from full energy independence. Hydraulic fracturing, fracking, is the “lead” technology in this technological revolution. Fracking is an economically more feasible way of drilling for oil or gas in harder to reach geological formation. Within the past decade or so, combining hydraulic fracturing with horizontal drilling has opened up shale deposits across the country. It has brought large-scale natural gas drilling to new regions that may not have had accessible deposits in the past. These areas have greatly benefited from the addition of this industry to their local economies. Certain are...
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Currently, the most important factor in the rise of gas prices is the increasing cost of crude oil. Unfortunately, the United States has three percent of the world’s oil reserves. (Horsley) In 2009, the United States was third in crude oil production as well as the world’s largest petroleum consumer. (e. I. Administration) Such consumption required and still requires the United States to import petroleum/crude oil from other countries.
Hatcher, Monica. Chinese oil giant takes big step ino Texas shale. October 12, 2010. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/energy/7242533.html (accessed October 12, 2010).
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In 1970 oil reserves became more scarce, leading to a decrease in production, while consumption continued to grow rapidly (Wright, R. T., & Boorse, D. F. 2011). In order to fill the gap between rising demand and falling supply of oil, the United States became more and more dependent on imported oil, primarily from Arab countries in the Middle East. (Wright, R. T., & Boorse, D. F. 2011). As the U.S and many other countries became highly industrialized nations, they became even more dependent on oil imports. With demand being higher than the actual amount of supply, prices kept rising reaching a peak of $140 a barrel in 2008. (Wright, R. T., & Boorse, D. F. 2011).
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The oil & gas sector faces specific risks affecting its financial performances. The main variables affecting the industry are political, geological, price, fiscal, supply and demand as well as cost risks. Given the specific risks, the demand for energy is still gr...
...g the Energy Revolution." Foreign Affairs. Nov/Dec 2010: 111. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 21 Nov 2011.