Ibuprofen is a medicine which has been available in the UK since 1969; it was discovered by scientists working for the Boots Company in the 1950s when looking for an alternative with fewer side effects than the commonly prescribed aspirin (The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2013). Ibuprofen belongs to a class of drugs known as Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and is available as a Prescription only Medicine (POM), over the counter as a Pharmacy (P) medicine and in retail outlets as a General Sales List Medicine (GSL) (Royal Pharmaceutical Society, 2013). NSAIDs reduce temperature (antipyretic), are painkillers (analgesic) and have anti-inflammatory properties (Joint Formulary Committee, 2013). Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of ibuprofen. There are now twenty-one different NSAIDs available on the market; the drugs differ in their dose, interactions and side effects. This essay will look into many aspects of Ibuprofen to determine if it is the ideal NSAID.
NSAIDs mode of action is to reduce the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormones which trigger pain and inflammation in the immediate damaged area. NSAIDs inhibit an enzyme, Cyclo-Oxygenase (COX), which is involved in the first stage of prostaglandin production. There are two variants of this enzyme; COX-1 is responsible for the normal every day production of prostaglandins whereas COX-2 is responsible for production of additional prostaglandins when the body is injured as a natural defensive response. Non-selective NSAIDs, such as Ibuprofen, inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 whereas selective NSAIDs; Celecoxib and Etoricoxib, inhibit only COX-2 (Society for Endocrinology, 2013; Ogbru, 2009).
Ibuprofen is partially absorbed in the stomach and further ...
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...Formulary (BNF). (65th Ed.). London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press.
Ogbru, O. (2009). COX-2 Inhibitors. FDA Prescribing Information. Retrieved January, 31, 2013, from http://www.medicinenet.com/cox-2_inhibitors/article.htm.
Rang, H., Dale, M., Ritter, J., Flower, R., Henderson, G. (2013). Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology. (7th Ed.). China: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
Royal Pharmaceutical Society. (2013). Medicines, Ethics and Practice: the professional guide for pharmacists. (37th Ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press.
The Royal Society of Chemistry. (2013). The Discovery of Ibuprofen. Retrieved December, 27, 2013, from http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resources/chemistry-in-your-cupboard/nurofen/7.
Society for Endocrinology. (2013). Prostaglandins. You and your Hormones. Retrieved January, 1, 2014, from http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/prostaglandins.aspx.
Multiple studies have demonstrated the prophylactic effect of rectal declophenate (5-9) and rectal indomethacin (10, 11) or combined diclophenate and indomethacin (12), but no studies have evaluated the prophylactic effect of oral NSAIDs. On the other hand, Almeida et al demonstrated data on the ...
Dr. John Abramson’s book Overdosed America debunks the myths about the excellence of American medicine. Abramson backs up this claim by closely examining research about medicine, closely examining the unpublished details submitted by drug manufacturers to the FDA, and discovering that the unpublished data does not coincide with the claims made about the safety and effectiveness of commonly used medicines. Abramsons purpose is to point out the flaws of the pharmaceutical industry in order to warn the readers about the credibility of the drugs they are buying. Given the critical yet technical language of the book, Abramson is writing to an audience that may include academic physicians as well as those who want to learn about the corruption of the pharmaceutical industry.
In 2015, Doweiko’s research found that ”It is impossible for drugs to travel throughout the body without possible side effects“ (Doweiko, 2015, p.16). ”Prime affects versus side effects have been studied in order to find out how drugs harm but are contributing to healing“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). The primary concern appears to be whether harm has to be the lesser concern in order to heal. Aspirin was used as an example of the healing component versus the side
middle of paper ... ... The Web. 22 Feb. 2014. http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history>.
In today’s world, acetaminophen also known as Tylenol, is known to be remarkably popular drug in many countries [1]. This type of drug is known to be an analgesic and antipyretic [1]. In other words, it helps relieve pain associated with many conditions as well as reducing fever [1]. Acetaminophen can be used for many purposes, such as the relief of headaches, muscles aches, toothaches, and etc [1]. On the other hand, this drug may also be used for purposes that are not listed on the medication guide, such as, menstrual cramps [1]. However, acetaminophen ingredients are majorly used for numerous cold and flu medications as well as many prescription analgesics [1]. This drug is widely available in many drug stores/supermarkets and it is provided
This assignment will discuss the professional, legal and ethical issues related to the self-use of medication by nurses. It will also explore the importance of reporting this misconduct by both professionals in the scenario and how they might do so. The self-use of medication by nurses is not allowed or justifiable according to the guidance provided to nurses by An Bord Altranais (ABA 2007). It will also be evident throughout this assignment the need for Jack to report Linda’s self-use of the medication or urge Linda to do so regardless of the consequences it may present to both him and Linda as according to Nurses and Midwifery Board of Ireland (NMBI 2013), nurses can now be held responsible for not taking action. This is because delivering the greatest level of care to a patient is an essential role of a nurse and the main focus of the nurse’s work should be on caring for that patient (ABA 2010). There is also an ethical duty upon both nurses to report the misconduct according to the four ethical principles; Beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy (Edwards 2009).
In the late 1800’s it was discovered that papa-amino-phenol, could reduce fever, but the drug was too toxic to use. A less toxic extract called phenacetin was later found to be just as effective but also had pain-relieving properties. In 1949, it was learned that phenacetin was metabolized into an active but also less toxic drug, acetaminophen. Since then, acetaminophen has been sold under many over the counter brand names, most popular being Tylenol.
Davies NM, Reynolds JK, Undeberg MR, Gates BJ, Ohgami Y, Vega-Villa KR. Minimizing risks of NSAIDs: cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006 Nov;6(11):1643-55.
Almost overnight one such venerable substance (or class of substances) has been catapulted into the national spotlight: prescription painkillers, namely those derived from the opium poppy. This class of analgesic encompasses everything from the codeine in prescription cough syrup to the morphine used in the management of sever pain. These compounds are commonly referred to as opiates and are produced naturally by the poppy. The sub-class of this type that has gotten all of the attention recently is the opioids, which are semi-synthetic compounds derived from the opiates (Wade 846). Opioids were developed for a variety of reasons, such as reducing the cost of production (morphine is expensive to synthesize) and attempting to reduce the addictiveness of the drugs.
Discovery and Development of Penicillin. (2014, April 4). Retrieved from American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html
More and more we learn that by taking ibuprofen we subject ourselves to serious health conditions like heart attack or stroke. Yet, at one time or another, most of us has popped ibuprofen or administered it to a loved one to relieve pain or bring down a fever. Although no one should ever have to suffer pain, you’re certainly not limited to taking dangerous pharmaceuticals. There are alternatives for ibuprofen — and nature has the answer.
The major concepts deduced from the hypothesis fall under three categories: (1) multimodal intervention, (2) attentive care, and (3) patient participation. Multimodal intervention includes the concepts of potent pain medication, pharmacological adjuvants, and non-pharmacological adjuvants. Attentive care relates to the assessment of pain and side effects and intervention along with reassessments. Patient participation includes goal setting and patient education. The resulting outcome of these three categories working together is the balance between analgesia and side effects.
·Ibuprofen (propionic acid) is an anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic. It is often used to treat arthritis, dental pain, menstrual pain, headache, migraine, and back pain. Ibuprofen works by reducing the levels of prostaglandis (substances that cause pain) in the body. This drug is gentler on the stomach than aspirin. The molecular formula of ibuprofen is C13H18O2. Some examples of ibuprofen are Motrin, Advil, and Nuprin.
Pharmacists often work together in a team with other healthcare professional like physicians and nurses. In the process, pharmacists will give advice to them on the selection of medication, by providing the evidences based on the dosage form, the side effects and possible interaction with food of the medication. On the other hand, pharmacists also take part in research and clinical studies. Recently, pharmacists are recruited to conduct pharmacy-based research in pharmacies. (Swanson, 2005)