When utilizing hypothesis testing, we are trying to achieve the goal of accepting or rejecting a null hypothesis. Overall, we want to configure if the initial hypothesis is true. As in the case here, we are hoping to see if the mean birth weight of the women in our sample baby 's birth weight is greater than 5 pounds. Furthermore, we have to determine if there is enough sufficient evidence to prove our hypothesis about what we are setting out to measure. We need to utilize hypothesis testing here to draw inferences about a population from the data acquired from our sample of 189 women. Therefore, hypothesis testing uses the data to decide whether or not we should support the determined hypothesis. Moreover, in this case, we are conducting an upper-tailed test. Based on Dr. Mirabella (2011, p. 4-5) indicates, “An upper-tailed test is one in which the alternate hypothesis tests if the sample mean is greater than the hypothesized value.” Even more so, the p-Value in our question is less than the set significance level and therefore we have to reject the null hypothesis. So, this shows that the mean birth weight of the baby is greater than 5.0 pounds. Furthermore, with hypothesis testing we are able to evaluate the credibility of a hypothesis about a population. Hypothesis testing helps to assess the likelihood of something happening. According to Bangdiwala (2014, p. 98) states that, “We usually use the statistical hypothesis testing framework to address such questions. In such a framework, we establish two complementary hypotheses – a ‘null’ hypothesis (H0) and an ‘alternative’ hypothesis (H1). These are mutually exclusive (both cannot occur) and exhaustive (they are the only two possible situations). Thus, one of the hypo...
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...ht. Other factors that contribute to babies being born of a healthy weight or of normal range contributes to the mother’s own weight both before and during pregnancy. Furthermore, it is very essential to get enough proper nutrients to ensure a healthy birth weight. Also, your prenatal health is important and ensuring that you do not smoke, drink, or have other risk factors such as hypertension that can cause problems during pregnancy and to your baby. Besides, a baby 's race can contribute to babies being born of a normal range birth weight. Babies that are born of Caucasian race tend to be larger babies than black babies or babies of other ethnicity. Furthermore, a low birth weight baby is considered less than 5.5 pounds and a high birth weight is more than 8.8 pounds (“Birth Weight”, 2016). However, a normal birth weight can be between 5.5 pounds and up.
The very low birth weight are newborns that weigh less than 3.3 pounds (1,500 grams). Unfortunately, newborns that are under 3.3 pounds (1,500 grams) do not often survive, and the ones that do have delayed motor skills and cognitive development. The numbers decrease further to extremely low birth weight of 2.2 pounds (1,000 grams), where chance of life is very small. Low birth weight babies 1,500 grams – 2,500 grams (3.3 -5.5 pounds) have a good chance they will survive with proper care. Newborns that are small-for-date are placed in incubators that are sealed beds where temperature and air quality is regulated. The beds isolate the infants from pathogens and the environment. The babies need sensory stimulation to grow, so a recorded tape is played of the mothers soothing voice. Visual stimulation from video, and tactile stimulation helps foster physical and cognitive development in the baby. At five months while the fetus is in the womb ithas sensory capabilities, and can hear the mother’s heart beating, food digestion, speaking, and others speaking to her! The incubator stimulates this environment. There is great success with proper attention and care to the low birth weight babies, and. Many of the low birth weight babies are effects of parents that live in poverty, unable to access adequate medical care, and they experience stress due to an unhealthy family life.
Two-thirds of infants die during the first month of life due to low birth weight (Lia-Hoagberg et al, 1990). One reason for this outcome is primarily due to difficulties in accessing prenatal care. Prenatal health care encompasses the health of women in both pre and post childbearing years and provides the support for a healthy lifestyle for the mother and fetus and/or infant. This form of care plays an important role in the prevention of poor birth outcomes, such as prematurity, low birth weight and infant mortality, where education, risk assessment, treatment of complications, and monitoring of fetus development are vital (McKenzie, Pinger,& Kotecki, 2012). Although every woman is recommended to receive prenatal health care, low-income and disadvantaged minority women do not seek care due to structural and individual barriers.
The degrees of freedom (df) of an estimate is the number or function of sample size of information on which the estimate is based and are free to vary relating to the sample size (Jackson, 2012; Trochim & Donnelly, 2008).
In Flannery O’Connor’s short story, A Good Man is Hard to Find, a family gets in a car accident on a deserted dirt road. Unluckily for them, they are found by a group of three escaped convicts, led by a man who calls himself The Misfit. These convicts systematically execute the family in twos as the Misfit talks with the grandmother. While the catalyst for this execution is the grandmother’s verbal recognition of The Misfit as an escaped criminal, it is clear that he commits his crimes for deeper reasons. The Misfit is angry on a fundamental level, and acting out on this anger is the closest he can come to feeling pleasure in this life.
n hypothesis of the experiment is that the group containing four members will perform better than the group containing two members. This is the foundation from which we have conducted our experiment.
Although there are many theories that are evaluated, only some of them are considered good theories based on certain evaluation criterion that is met. Too be considered a good theory there are several evaluation criterion that need to be met such as the logical consistency, testability and empirical validity. The logical consistency has two elements, the scope and parsimony, both are interrelated. The scope of a theory refers to the range of explanation (Akers & Sellers, 2013, p. 5). If the scope of a theory is limited then the theory itself is limited. For example, if a theory only focuses on one crime rather than several crimes then the scope of the theory may be limited. In addition to scope, parsimony refers to “using as few concepts and propositions as possible to explain the widest range of phenomena” (Akers & Sellers, 2013, p. 5). With parsimony, it needs to be simple, but sufficient. An example of a theory with logical consistency is Deterrence Theory. Logical consistency is applicable to the theory because it recognizes that all crimes have threat/risk of punishment which leads to deterrence of committing crimes. As a result, the theory is simple, but also covers a wide range of phenomena, such as all crimes, that encompasses both a large scope and parsimony.
The Beck Anxiety Inventory was designed by Aaron T. Beck and is self report scale that consists of 21 items. The items are short and straightforward, making it easy to read and comprehend. All items are related to anxiety and describe a symptom of anxiety that is rate on a four point likert scale according to severity. The answers range from 0-3 and the responses range from “not at all” to “severely; I could barely stand it” and all items are added for a total score. The instructions on the test ask for the respondent to “indicate how much you have been bothered by each symptom during the past week, including today, by placing an X in the corresponding space in the column next to each symptom” (Dowd, 2008). The assessment is intended for adolescents and adults and can be administered individually or in a group setting. An additional copy of the inventory test is also available in Spanish. It was originally created from a sample of 810 outpatients of that were predominately affected by mood and anxiety disorders and research on the original development is described as informative and thorough.
Brown Paper Bag Test was a discriminatory act within the African-American community in the United States that was based on skin color. The brown paper bag was used as a measurement to determine whether or not an individual could receive access to certain privileges; individuals were given preference if having a skin tone lighter than a brown paper bag.The test used to take place in the 20th century in many social institutions such as African-American sororities, fraternities, and churches. In addition, Brown Paper Bags were used in multi-racial social events, at which only individuals with complexions at least as light as the color of a brown paper bag were admitted. The term also refers to larger issues of class and social stratification within
Everyone knows that a healthy pregnancy requires special care. A healthy diet accompanied by moderate exercise is very important as it will cause the fetus has a great development and thus a pregnancy will be much better, but staying healthy during pregnancy depends on you, so it's crucial to arm yourself with information about the many ways to keep you and your baby as healthy as possible. A healthy diet is very important because the deficiency of some nutrients can cause various adverse effects for both, mother and the fetus. It is know that the mother and the baby compete for the same nutrients and calories, and for this reason it is necessary that mothers have a balanced diet of nutrients for you and your baby.
For this research requirement I chose three different experiments to examine thoroughly. The first of these experiments came from the Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. The study done in this journal was an examination of orthographic learning and self-teaching in a bilingual and biliterate context. The aim of the study was to figure out the advantages and/or disadvantages of a student learning a native language when they are either monolingual, bilingual, or biliterate, and the study was focused on learning English because this is the most commonly learned non-native language in the world.
Actually, it is a trade-off. In fact, it is harder to prove something is true than prove something is not true. This is because if we want to test something is true, we have to review every possibility. Only if all of the evidence support the hypothesis, then we can believe a hypothesis is true. Nonetheless, we only need to find out a contrary evidence, then we can claim something is not true. Therefore, other than try hard to prove the hypothesis is true, we turn to test whether a null hypothesis is not true. If we can support that a null hypothesis is not true, then we can claim that there is no evidence to say the (alternative) hypothesis is not true. Even though we mistakenly accept the null hypothesis, there is no clue to judge whether
An example of a null hypothesis for the variables used in this data collection would be, “Does GPA predicts final exam scores? An alternative hypothesis would be that GPA scores do determine the exam scores.
...side begins to grow and develop at six weeks the baby is only five eights of an inch in measurement. As the months go on the baby goes thru many changes as well as the mother and her body. The mother may tend to get ill at times or may be fine during her pregnancy. There are also reports that the father may become ill at times as well along with the mother, this is common in men.
...nt weight during pregnancy and have a higher risk of maternal. Ultimately, a woman should get into a healthy lifestyle before becoming pregnant. If she is unhealthy, she may not be able to produce a healthy baby. If this is the case, she should have the option to abort.
out of shape and the computer won't boot properly anymore. This is also a handy