Hygroscopicity in Pharmaceutics
During formulation of new and existent drugs in pharmaceutics, hygroscopicity is one of the important physical parameters that are studied so as to enhance the efficacy, stability and handling of the drug. Hygroscopicity has always been an important aspect in pharmaceutics as the bulk of the drugs either in tablet or solution form is normally hygroscopic. Up to now, there remains no universally recognized definition of hygroscopicity because it is driven by both thermodynamic and kinetic forces. Hygroscopicity can mean the amount of moisture absorbed or adsorbed by a substance from the atmosphere as well as the rate of moisture uptake of a substance that is in a known relative humidity (Hilfiker, 2006, p. 236). A solid that can readily absorb moisture when exposed to the atmosphere of a known relative humidity is said to be hygroscopic while the ability to absorb or adsorb moisture is known as hygroscopy.
Hygroscopy is usually known to occur either through absorption, adsorption or deliquescence where the adsorbing or absorbing material changes physically or chemically in many of its physicochemical characteristics. Due to the adverse effects that it has on the end products, highly hygroscopic drugs will usually give weight fluctuations which lead to tablets or film-coat cracking (Wermuth, 2008, p. 758).This has led to development of formulations under controlled, humid conditions and expensive packaging are required. This has further driven many companies to come up with rules and regulations covering hygroscopicity.
The drug ingredients used in drug manufacture are usually aqueous salts that are prepared using strongly acidic or basic hydroxy-acids salts and counter ions, which possess a h...
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...injection analysis among others.
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At this point the identity of the unknown compound was hypothesized to be calcium nitrate. In order to test this hypothesis, both the unknown compound and known compound were reacted with five different compounds and the results of those reactions were compared. It was important to compare the known and unknown compounds quantitatively as well to ensure that they were indeed the same compound. This was accomplished by reacting them both with a third compound which would produce an insoluble salt that could be filte...
Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213.
This paper discusses pharmacology and terminology related to “Pharmacology” which is the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs“ pharmacology. 2015. In Merriam-Webster.com. The study of different classes of drugs, routes of absorption, and drugs have effects on those consuming them. There are drugs that are necessary for illnesses and healing but, there are medicines that cause concern regarding interaction and harming the body.
Esterification was used to synthesize aspirin which was by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. To speed up the reaction, dehydrating agent and conc. sulphuric acid was present. The purity of a substance, which is the aspirin in this particular experiment, can be determined by the identification of its melting point.
Coumadin in pill form is taken orally. It needs to be stored at a controlled room temperature of 59 – 86 degrees and needs to be protecte...
...nstead of the common crystalline state, something that is extremely hard (gizmodo.com). That’s where the liquid levitation comes in, a machine that uses sound waves to make liquid solutions float. This way the liquid solutions don't touch any solid materials as the water evaporates, solidifying in the much desired amorphous drug, so it can be more efficient in helping.
As we discussed above that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics can be seen as two sides of the same coin in order to gain better understanding of their efficacy and safety profiles.” Generally it is possible to make fairly robust predictions of the pharmacokinetic profile in man using in vitro systems and preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. A previously published survey on the causes of failure in drug development indicated that inappropriate pharmacokinetics were a major cause such as; factors as low bioavailability due to high extraction or poor absorption characteristics, short elimination half-life leading to short duration of action and excessive variability due to genetic or environmental factors. This observation has led to an increased emphasis on pharmacokinetic input to the drug discovery process throughout the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is important to realise that this may only permit the rejection of compounds to b...
contamination, toxicity, and side effects. Most people believe these medications are compounded or mixed by a trained and licensed individual. However, this is inaccurate because the pharmacy technician actually compounds a large percentage of a patient’s medications. Compounding involves a techn...
biopharmaceutical industry. Manuscript submitted for publication, Sloan School of Management and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved from dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/34827/61670866.pdf?sequence=1.
The conical vial was placed in a small beaker and allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture was Cooled thoroughly in an ice bath for 15-20 minutes and crystals collected by vacuum filtration on a Hirsch funnel. The vial was rinsed with about 5 mL of ice water and transferred into to the Hirsch funnel and again washed with two additional 5mL portions of ice water. Crystals were dried for 5-10 minutes by allowing air to be drawn through them while they remained on the Hirsch funnel. The product was transferred to a watch glass plate and allow the crystals to dry in air. Crude acetaminophen product was weighed and set aside a small sample for a melting point determination and a color comparison after the next step. Calculation of the percentage yield of crude acetaminophen (MW = 151.2). was done and recorded in the lab notebook.
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
25 April 2014. Muller, F. Toxicological Sciences. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. 24 April 2014. National Cancer Institute.
When benzoic acid paired with 1.0 M NaOH, it was observed that both compounds were soluble. Upon the addition of 6.0 M HCl into this solution, benzoic acid became insoluble. Benzoic acid was also insoluble in 1.0 M HCl. Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate was found to be insoluble in 1.0 M NaOH and soluble in 1.0 M HCl. But then, after adding 6.0 M NaOH into the test tube C (mixture of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and 1.0 M HCl), a white powdery solid (undissolved compound) was formed. These demonstrate that both the acid and base became more soluble when they were ionized and less soluble when they were
A. a 0.112 per cent w/v solu-tion of orthophosphoric acid adjusted to pH 7.0 using a 4.2 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide,
WHO, W. H. (2008). Tradtional Medicine. available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs134/en/ retrieved on 9-11-11 at 10:30 pm.