Compact bone tissue is one of two types of bone, with the other being Spongy bone tissue. These bones are considered to be a vital aspect of the Human skeletal structure as their intricate microscopic structure provides strength to the skeletal frame as well as support and protection to the body’s organs. Although, Compact bone are designed and for the most part are, very strong structures, occasionally a Fracture may occur. A Fracture is specifically defined as “a complete or incomplete break in a bone resulting from the application of excessive force” (medical dictionary, 2014). With ‘excessive forces’ possibly alluding to large axial load being applied to bones in activities such as; falling from heights , road traffic accidents and the application of unnatural rotation to a bone, the latter two situations can be applied as possible causes for the Spiral Fracture mentioned in this poster. Upon occurrence, fractures are dealt with in a controlled way and undergo four phases of fracture healing with the bone returning to its former self after bone remodelling which may take several years.This image features an Osteon. This unit in the bone contains a central tube, called the Haversian Canal which carries blood (vessels) and nerve supplies to the Osteocytes.The circle here shows a Lacuna. These pockets within the Bony matrix contain mature bone cells called Osteocytes.Osteocytes are mature bone cells which “maintain the surrounding bone tissue, dealing with the metabolic requirements, waste products, mineral homeostasis” (Bone cells, 1996) particularly Calcium, Phosphorus and Collagen.The Volkmann’s canals are canals within the bony matrix which transport nutrients from the Haversian canal to the bone tissue and Periosteum for th...
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...Excess bone is deposited by Osteoblasts, with surplus removed by Osteoclasts based on daily stresses applied to the bone.The fracture line completely encircles the shaft, resulting in a spiral-like Radiographic appearance which can be identified in the diagram below.
With Spiral fractures, prominent Radiographic
Appearances include:
• Displacement of bone
• Rotation of the knee and lower limb
• Angulation of fractured bone
• Shortening of the affected bone
• Soft tissue swelling around fracture site
Often, at least two standard views are undertaken of the whole of the femur, particularly AP and Lateral views.
A spiral fracture of the shaft of femur is often caused by huge loads on the shaft itself, often by falling from heights, the bone being caught in a spiral motion or road traffic accidents.
Spiral Fractures are commonly seen in Paediatrics and Sportsmen/women.
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
“This is my lab and what we do is study bones,” states Kari Bruwelheide in her video entitled “30,000 Skeletons”. Of the three resources that we were provided, “Puzzles of the Chesapeake” by Sally Walker, “Forensic Anthropology” by an unknown author, and “30,000 Skeletons” by Smithsonian Education presented by Kari Bruwelheide, the resource “30,000 Skeletons” is by far the best at explaining the role of an anthropologist. It is unbeatable because it is a video rather than just written words, and Kari Bruwelheide has personal experience in being a forensic anthropologist. A forensic anthropologist is a scientist that studies human remains, or in another word, skeletons, to try to find out information about the past.
As the matrix hardens, it forms lamella, a tube of the solidified bone matrix, which forms the lamellar bone. Essentially, lamellar bone is lamellae with collagen fibers surrounding each lamella. It is important to know that collagen fibers on one layer, run parallel to the collagen fibers on another layer. For this reason, lamellar bone is very tough. The lamellar bone is located on both sides of the spongy bone and thickens around the trabeculae. The blood vessels are still situated within the spongy bone and form the red marrow. If a lamellae form around a blood vessel, it creates an osteon with a central canal where the blood vessel is
“The Lovely Bones” is a book written by Alice Sebold. It was published in 2002, and it’s about Susie Salmon, a girl that was murdered and no watches her family and murderer from her own heaven. She tries to balance her feeling and watch out for her family since her murderer is still free and with nobody knowing how dangerous he is. In 2009, a movie adapted from the book came out as well.
Imagine a teenage boy who is isolated on a faraway island, without food or water. The hot and sticky weather is intolerable, but the rampaging storms are worse. He quickly develops malaria and diarrhea, and on top of that, blood-sucking insects and menacing reptiles lurch beneath his feet. He has no idea what is coming, but he needs to survive. This is the story of a young boy who has to travel to the other side of the world to realize that everything can’t go his way.
Intra articular fractures of calcaneus occurs following eccentric loading of the talus on the calcaneus.(fig 5.1) The severity, type and location of fracture are determined by the position of the foot, the direction and magnitude of applied force and quality of bone 49.
3. The radiologist reported signs of osteoporosis. Describe the characteristics of an osteoporotic femur as seen on an X-ray. (How does it differ in appearance from a normal femur?)
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
Positioning of the patient is crucial to perform a diagnostic study, so the patient’s knees will be bent to keep the spine in contact with the exam table and the foot will need to be rotated slightly inward to rotate the greater trochanter of the hip outward. The technologist will then move a mechanical arm over the patient and place it over the area being examined. When the exam begins, the arm will move over the patient slowly as it takes the measurements. It usually takes at most thirty minutes to perform the exam. A radiologist usually interprets the exam, but a rheumatologist or endocrinologist can interpret these studies as well. A signed report will be sent to the patients referring physician upon completion of their interpretation. The results will contain two scores, a T score and a Z score. The T score “shows the amount of bone you have compared with a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mass” (American College of Radiology, 2016). A score of -1 is considered normal, a score of -1 to -2.5 is considered osteopenia, low bone mass, and below -2.5 is osteoporosis. The Z score is the amount of bone you have compared to other their people in your age group of the same size and
provide useful images in mapping out a procedure or assessing different pathologies. In the case
to the femur at the hip joint. As a ball and socket, the hip is
Fibular fractures may be complete or incomplete fractures. Fibula fractures may occur anywhere along the bone. The fracture we are trying to fixate is a complete fracture. Fractures occur when a force is placed on the bone that is greater than it can withstand, and when a fracture does occur in the fibula, it’s usually at the same time as the tibia. When only the fibula fractures, it is usually because of a direct blow to the side of the leg or an extreme sideways bend at the ankle or knee. Some other common causes of fibular fracture include, direct hit from doing contact sports such as hockey or lacrosse, stress fracture; weakening of the bone from repeated stress, or indirect injury, caused by twisting, turning quickly, or violent muscle contraction. Tripping, falling or impact during an accident are also major causes of fibular
This intense force causes the fracture. Most elderly individuals will experience severe pain at the site of the fracture. This pain can spread through their entire body. In most cases, an elderly person with a hip fracture will not be able to
Norvell, J. G. (2013, June 11). Tibia and Fibula Fracture Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826304-clinical
The Skeletal System, also known as the Skeleton make up a framework that support the body and protect the organs. The Skeleton consists of the bones and joints of the body. In the human body there is 300 bones at birth, these then fuse together to make 206 bones in a fully grown adult. The Skeleton is made up of two divisions: The axial and appendicular Skeleton.