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The research of human movement is quite complex, because human origins are not so determinists as other (bio)mechanical systems; assessing human beings in aquatic environment becomes even more as this is not their natural environment and other physical principles have to be considered. This makes competitive swimming as one of the most challenging sports to perform scientific research (Barbosa et al. 2011). In fact, the challenge of the current study was to assess the physiological and biomechanical behavior of competitive swimmers, in order to close the gap between theory and practice.
To assess the chosen physiological and biomechanical parameters, the intermittent incremental protocol was the prime tool used in this study; the protocol was adapted from the 7x200 m front crawl protocol validated by Cardoso et al. (2003) and, applied to competitive swimmers by Fernandes et al. (2003). Initially, this protocol has been used to assess the maximal volume of oxygen consumption (VO2max) and corresponding swimming velocities (Fernandes et al., 2003), being considered to be reached according to primary and secondary traditional physiological criteria (cf. Adams,1998; Howley et al., 1995), particularly the occurrence of a plateau in oxygen uptake despite an increase in swimming velocity and high levels of blood lactic acid concentrations ([La-]≥8 mmol/l), elevated respiratory exchange ratio (R≥ 1.0), elevated heart rate (>90% of [220-age]) and exhaustive perceived exertion.
However, the main objective was not to assess VO2max but to use the 7x200m intermittent incremental protocol to assess AnT. In fact, AnT assessment is one of the most used parameters determined by the 7x200m protocol (P...
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...may reflect the skill and technique of the swimmers to adopt a better streamlined position (cf. Zamparo et al., 2009); therefore, high values of TI leads to a higher hydrodynamic resistance and vice-versa. It was observed that TI maintained constant throughout the 7x200m protocol, which are not in accordance with Zamparo et al. (2009). For the authors, with the increasing of v, TI tends to decrease. Under fatigue the swimmer may pay less attention to body alignment, which induces a less streamlined position (Craig et al., 1985).
In this context, the 7x200m intermittent incremental protocol should be considered a precise tool to assess individual biomechanical and physiological parameters and their interaction should be taken in account. Although, future research may centers in the connection of those parameters and understand the behavior before and after AnT.
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
When performing in a triathlon, which consists of swimming, cycling, and running in a single continuous event, it is generally accepted throughout the exercise science community, that “over performing” during the cycling stage by increasing ones cadence or aerobic power, could hinder the running portion of the triathlon that follows (Hausswirth). In order to help triathletes in avoiding this potential problem, the researchers set the purpose of the experiment as follows:
McKenzie, D. C. (2012). Respiratory physiology: Adaptations to high-level exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(6), 381. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090824
Lehmann, Manfred, Carl Foster, and Joseph Keul. "Overtraining in endurance athletes: a brief review." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (1993).
The poem, “The Swimmer’s Moment” details that when given the opportunity to take risks, one should take them moderately. In our daily lives, everyone encounters scenarios similar to the whirlpool, or, where they have the option to take a risk and weigh the positives vs. negatives. The whirlpool in itself is a risk, as one could end up in the, “black pit” or, “ominous centre” as a consequence for their actions. For example, they could end up in the figurative, “black pit” filled with consequences of their actions, therefore giving reason as to why before taking a risk, it should be calculated so that they do not end up regretting it. For those who do not take risks, however, they, “will not recognize” and will not get to experience the thrill of
Finish, Finish, Go, and Go you just set the new world record. Every four years lots of people gather around a pool cheering for Olympians. It is a very noisy place. A lot of Olympians that are part of the summer Olympics are very athletic, they swim all year around. The swimming Olympic history and background is very interesting. They have done so many new things over that past couple of years. They come out with new rules every year to make things more fair and challenging. There are a lot of events and tons of records that have been broke. A lot of Olympians have set future goals to stride for. I was swimming the 200 meter fly I was at a really good time when I had 50 meter sprint left at the end all I could think about was I’m going to set the new world record. Olympic swimming is a very fun sport it is very athletic. Every year in the summer time every one always sits around a TV watching this it is very famous in America. Swimmers from all around the world come and here and compete. There is a lot of competition there I have found out a lot about the history of swimming. There are a lot of events and tons of records that have been broke. A lot of Olympians have set future goals to stride for.
Swimmers tend to be tall and have a noticeable upper body muscle development. Having low body
In swimming you turn direction when you get to the end of a swimming pool, for freestyle and backstroke you use a tumble turn to change. direction, in butterfly and breathstroke you have to touch the wall with two hands and push off the wall with your feet. Again, speed is only really important in hockey and football. In swimming. There are two types of course, short course and long course.
In order to fully understand the impact and effect of overtraining, defining and establishing the difference of what overtraining is from other conditions, such as overreaching, is necessary. Overtraining is defined as the accumulation of both training and non-training stresses producing a long-term effect on the athlete’s performance capacity, with or without physical and psychological overtraining signs and symptoms in which recovery of the performance capacity will take weeks to months (Halson, 2004 p. 969). Overreaching, however, is defined by the accumulation of training and non-training stresses with a short-term effect on the a...
Surfing is the sport of riding a surfboard toward the shore on the crest of a wave. It is an amazing sport to learn and it gives the rider a hell of an adrenaline rush!! There are three major phases of surfing – paddling, push up and the standing position. This report will give you a full understanding of the correct techniques to use while surfing and it also describes the basic structure and function of the muscular-skeletal and cardio-respiratory systems of the human body. It will also describe the many different energy systems and how they change when surfing.
The study of physics and fluid dynamics in swimming has been a field of increasing interest for study in the past few decades among swimming coaches and enthusiasts. Despite the long history of research, the understanding of how to move the human body effectively through the water is still in its infancy. Competitive swimmers and their coaches of all levels are constantly striving for ways to improve their stroke technique and overall performance. The research and performances of today's swimmers are continuously disproving the beliefs of the past. Like in all sports, a better understanding of physics is enabling the world class swimmers to accomplish times never before thought possible. This was displayed on the grandest of scales in the 2000 Olympics when Ian Thorpe, Inge De Bruijn, Pieter Van Den Hoogenband and a number of other swimmers broke a total of twelve world records and numerous Olympic and national records.
Recorded videos were used to analyze the movement patterns of the runners. The participants were an elite (male) and a novice runner (female). The elite runner used a standard track field while the novice used a treadmill in a standard gym. The result showed that the elite runner had a longer stride than the non-expert due to his long legs. The novice runner required less force to move her body than the elite runner. The expert had longer stride resulting in longer step length which made him move faster than the novice. As the feet of both participants touched the ground the expert had a higher ground reaction force than the non-expert. The elite had a higher cadence than the non-elite because his legs moved faster. During stance phase, they both have one foot on the ground and as their foot first hit the ground they both slow down. However, the novice was slower because the elite had a faster speed making him spend less time in the
I dip my toes in—feels cold. My nerves rise up and spread like fire throughout my body while I watch—while I wait. Stomach hurts. All those butterflies clash and crowd. They come every time that I race—it never fails. There is so much noise—the splash of water, talking, yelling, whistling, cheering.
Swimming has been my whole life, since I jumped into the pool for the very first time. I loved every aspect of swimming from the adrenaline running through my body during my races and getting to spend even more time with my friends and my sister, and the stress of big meets coming up in the schedule. Except everything didn't go according to plan after the first day of school when I got home and I saw my parents sitting by my sister on the coach and my sister was crying.
The Olympic Games bring together individuals that are exceptional and impeccably dominant within their particular concentration of training and athletics. Olympic Games have an array of events and/or sports that range from individual to team competitions, and are either sport related activities or are combat related, such as fencing. Fencing is the sport of sword fighting, which was first known to be organized in 14th century Germany with heavier and larger swords, but fencing has evolved into utilizing a lighter sword for fencers to move much quicker in combat, competition and now a recreational sport (Slade, 2009). The sport of fencing is a combat sport that requires skillfulness that is primarily done in an indoors setting, where two athletes skirmish indirectly through the use of sword, and physical interaction is prohibited (Rio & Bianchedi, 2008). The swords used in fencing are the Sabre, Epee, and Foil, and the weapon in which the fencer is expected to use is centered on what they were interested in at the beginning of training or what the local club deals within, or maybe be due to what the coach specializes in (Turner et al., 2013). This sport prominently demands anaerobic drive within the fencers to produce high velocity action that are dynamic in nature and require a vast amount of articulation of joints and muscle force generation. Mental acuity factors are also crucial within fencing from mental preparation to tactical action conducted within the event to gain the upper hand (Chang, Regatte, & Schweitzer, 2009). Fencing is a mental and physical game; competitors must constantly anticipate their opponent’s mov...