Down’s Syndrome is named after John Langdon Down, a British doctor who first studied and described the mental disorder. He discovered the disorder in Surrey, England while working at an asylum for children with mental retardation. He called people with this disorder Mongoloids because of the physical similarities of citizens from Mongolia compared to those affected by Down’s Syndrome. Later, the term “Mongoloid” was dropped and named after John Down when Jerome Lejeune, a French geneticist who tested children with these similar physical characteristics of Mongolians, found that 97% of those tested had an extra chromosome-21, with a total of 47 chromosomes. Down’s Syndrome is a common disorder due to an extra chromosome number; it is the most common cause of mental retardation that occurs in 1 in 1,000 babies in the United States. (Genetic Science Learning Center) There are three types of Down’s Syndrome: Trisomy 21, Translocation, and Mosaicism. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down’s Syndrome; it occurs in 95 percent of Down’s Syndrome cases. Trisomy 21 is a disorder in which a newborn receives an extra third chromosome-21, instead of the normal 2. The second type of Down’s Syndrome is Translocation; it occurs when only a small piece of the chromosome-21 is found on another chromosome. Only 3 percent of those with Down’s Syndrome suffer from Translocation. Mosaicism is the third type of Down’s Syndrome and also the rarest; it is a disorder in which newborns have a mix of cells in the chromosome-47 that contains an extra chromosome-21. Only 2 percent of people with Down’s Syndrome possess Mosaicism. (Hauser-Cram, 15) Causes of Down’s Syndrome are still unknown. There is no way to prevent the occurrence of Down’s Syndrome,... ... middle of paper ... ...://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/disorders/whataregd/down/> Hauser-Cram, Penny. Children with Disabilities: a longitudinal study of child development and parent well-being. Boston: Blackwell, 2001. Kumin, Libby. Classroom Language Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Teachers. 1st ed. Maryland: Woodbine House, 2001. Leshin, Dr Len. Down Syndrome: Health Issues. May 2009. McGuire, Dennis. Mental Wellness in Adults with Down Syndrome: A Guide to Emotional and Behavioral Strengths and Challenges. 1st ed. Maryland: Woodbine House, 2006. Skallerup, Susan, ed. Babies with Down Syndrome. 3rd ed. Boston: Woodbine House, 2008. Skotko, Brian. Fasten Your Seatbeat: A crash course on Down Syndrome for brothers and sisters. 1st ed. Maryland: Woodbine House, 2009.
Down’s syndrome is a chromosomal condition that is caused by an extra 21st chromosome as there is an error in the body’s cell division. Every human has a nucleus in every cell in the body which contains genes that are grouped along with chromosomes. The normal number of
“Contrary to what some might say, we’re not given what we can handle. We’re opening to handle what we’re given.”-Elizabeth Aquino, blogger at “a moon, worn as if it had been a shell”
Down Syndrome results when one of the three types of abnormal cell divisions involving chromosome 21 occur. Roger W. Harms, a medical doctor, states, “Human cells normally contain twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. One pair comes from your father and one pair comes from your mother.” In each pair, one chromosome comes from the father, and one comes from the mother. One of the three genetic variations that can cause Down Syndrome is Trisomy 21. This version of Down Syndrome occurs more than 90% of the time. It re...
“About 13 of every 10,000 babies born in the United States each year is born with Down syndrome. It affects an equal number of male and female babies” (Johnson P. A. 2014). Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that found across the world, however it is more prevalent in the United States. The cause of the disorder roots to the paring of the human chromosomes. A normal human receives 23 pairs of chromosomes, each pair coming from mother and father. In Down syndrome most people affected have an abnormal cell division of the chromosome. Both parents are carriers of the There are three types of variations that includes trisomy 21, mosaic, and translocation.
Most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited. When the condition is caused by trisomy 21, the chromosomal abnormality occurs as a random event during the formation of reproductive cells in a parent. The abnormality usually occurs in egg cells, but it occasionally occurs in sperm cells. An error in cell division called nondisjunction results in a reproductive cell with an abnormal number of chromosomes. For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of chromosome 21. If one of these atypical reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will have an extra chromosome 21 in each of the body's cells.
Down syndrome is a very common disorder now a day’s, but not many know what it actually is. Down syndrome was a topic that was not as common back in that day. “John Langdon Down, an English physician, published an accurate description of a person with Down syndrome. It was this scholarly
An individual who has Down syndrome can be recognized as different from others since he or she have different physical features, but the question is, what causes individuals to have deformed face, little different features than someone who does not have Down syndrome? The reason some individuals are born with Down syndrome is because of an extra chromosome, this chromosome, which carries number 21. It is also known as Trisomy 21. Having this sort of disability, does not truly affect their life in a way they are not able to live, but it affects their cognitive levels, their physical growth of the child with Down syndrome. As the mother goes for an ultra sound, doctors can detect that the child within the mother’s womb has Down syndrome. (1) Mothers over age 35 have higher risk of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome, and 1 in every 1,000 women at the age of 30. In addition, in every 100 women, who age 40 there is a mother has a child with this case. As woman ages there is a higher chance of conceiving a child with Down syndrome than a woman who is in her mid-20s or younger. (2) This essay will highlight the effects and supports of Down syndrome in children.
In 1866 British doctor John Langdon Down defined and described the characteristic symptoms of Down Syndrome but was unsure of the cause. It wasn't until 1959 that Dr. Lejeunne and his team in Paris showed that people with Down Syndrome have an additional chromosome. We normally have 23 pairs of chromosomes, each made up of genes. The cells of people with Down Syndrome include three chromosome #21 instead of two. The extra 21st chromosome causes an extra dose of proteins. These proteins cause the typical features of Down Syndrome. While the fetus with Down Syndrome is developing, its body cells do not reproduce as fast as usual. That is the main reason why these babies are smaller than average after birth and their brain not as big as those of other newborn children.
In 1886, physician John Langdon Down was the first scientist to identify Down syndrome. Down was the administrator of a mental institute for children in Surrey, England. From his observations and work at the institute, he was able to identify a set of children who exhibited characteristics such as short nose, broad flat face, short and broad hands, which are features commonly identified with Down syndrome. He later wrote an essay entitled “Observations of the Ethnic Classification of Idiots” in which he asserts the notion that it was possible to classify different types of health conditions through race. His essay included his now famous classification of what is today known as Down syndrome, which he categorized as the Mongol...
Many people believe, from common knowledge, that having a Down syndrome cannot be prevented and that it is genetic. This was proved w...
Leo Kanner, a doctor at Johns Hopkins Hospital and the first self-described child-psychiatrist, first described what we now know to be autism in his 1943 paper titled, "Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact." He described a disorder similar to, but distinct from childhood schizophrenia. Autism, taken from symptoms of schizophrenia, described withdrawn symptoms or social interaction problems, and was included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Ed. (DSM-III) under the name Infantile Autism in 1980. This was later changed to autism in the revised DSM-III in 1987. The authors indicated that some camps still considered autism a schizophrenic disorder, and that infantile autism was the earliest form of schizophrenia (Sanders, 2009).
Down syndrome, a genetic disorder, is the most common cause for intellectual disabilities, occurring at an average of one out of every 700 births (CDS, 2006). This disorder is caused by the extra chromosome 21 (also known as Trisomy 21). According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS.
The most commonly found, and commonly known type of Trisomy eighteen which occurring in about ninety-five percent of all cases reported is the type known as full trisomy. During the formation of the full trisomy type of trisomy eighteen the extra chromosome occurs in every single cell in the baby’s body. This type of trisomy eighteen is not hereditary however, which means this type is not found as family trait, it is a random type. The next type of trisomy eighteen is known as partial or translocation, which happens to occurs in only about three percent of patients with trisomy eighteen. Partial trisomy eighteen occurs when people have two copies of chromosome eighteen instead of one, and a piece of extra genetic material from the chromosome eighteen. Partial Trisomy eighteen syndrome may be caused by hereditary factors. The final type of trisomy eighteen is known as the Mosaic Trisomy eighteen. Mosaic Trisomy is very rare type of trisomy ei, found in about two percent of all trisomy eighteen cases. Mosaic Trisomy eighteen is when an extra copy of the eighteenth chromosome is found in some, but not all of the cells in the person’s body. Mosaic trisomy eighteen is however not hereditary. No matter the type of trisomy eighteen a person is diagnosed whether it is full, partial, or mosaic, it is important that people understand that trisomy eighteen was not caused by anything done or not done by
crease, slightly flattened facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small mouth, and protruding
"Down syndrome." South African Medical Journal 101.1 (2011): 6. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.