Psychological Approaches
Psychology was founded back in 1879. Psychology is the study of the brain and how it behaves. The psychological approaches that are focused on in this report are biological, behavioral and psychodynamic psychology. This report states what each approach is about, evidence behind it, examples and theories/ideas associated. This also has real-life examples of people's lives. Overall, this report will teach you what biological, behavioral and psychodynamic psychology are.
Biological Psychology
Biological psychology(behavioral neuroscience) is the study of the human brain and how all of our human behaviour is due to our biological design. Some theories made about biological psychology are Localisation of function and
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Sperry made many experiments with people who had corpus callosotomy surgery, which is when the doctors separate the connections between both hemispheres. In the 1940s, the corpus callosotomy surgery method was created to help epilepsy clients. This proved there was two hemispheres, that are specialized. Unconnecting the two hemispheres makes them operated independently. This study supplied evidence that is idea could be true.
Behavioural Psychology
Behaviourism psychology is the idea all of our behaviorisms are learnt for the environment we are in. This idea is related to the rewards and punishment and how they affect people’s behaviour. The theories within this topic are Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. The main people who contributed to these ideas are Pavlov and J.H Skinner. There are many studies made about both Classical Conditioning and operate, thus this relates to real life situations.
Classical Conditioning
The idea of Classical conditioning, occurs when two stimuli are linked together and this creates a connection between the stimulus. This is all about how people learn from experiences and how that affects their behavior. One of the most recognised psychologists known for this subject is Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. He created the idea of behaviourism during the late 1800’s and got a Nobel Prize for
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This meant his reflex to food was different to the reflex of ringing a bell.
Step Three: During conditioning
What Pavlov did was ring the bell and at the same time presenting the food to the dog.
Step Four: After conditioning
After conditioning, the dog started to drool for just the bell meaning that the idea of classical conditioning had more evidence it was true.
Example of real life
A boy asked his mother for a chocolate at the supermarket and the mother said ‘No’, but the boy started to cry. This leads the mother to give up and give him the chocolate, he wanted. The boy made the connection in his brain, if he cries every time he can get what he wants. The two stimuli’s in this example are asking his mother over and over and getting the confectionary. This makes a connection in the brain that leads him to ask his mother the next time.
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning is the idea that understand the relationships between a response and the consequences of the response. This idea is also about positive and negative reinforcement. B.F Skinner is best known for Operant Conditioning because he is known as one of the main leaders in Behaviourist Psychology. The work of B.F was known to be built on Thorndike(Who wrote the book ‘Law and
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
The study by Watson and Rayner was to further the research of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose most famous experiments involved that of animals, specifically the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes of canines, in reference to salivation and conditioned emotional response. Pavlov demonstrated that if a bell was rang each time a dog was fed; ultimately the animal would befall conditioned to salivate at just the sound of the bell, even where food is was no longer present (The Salivation reflex). Watson and Rayner set out to further the research of conditioned stimulus response, with little Albert. ‘These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors.’ (B.Watson, R Rayner , 1920).
Biological focuses on the body and brain being the dominant influences of behavior and thinking.
Classical conditioning is the theory that involves a subject learning a new behavior by the process of association. A naturally occuring stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) is paired with a response (the unconditioned response). Then, a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus produces the initial response of the unconditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus being present. The response, therefore, becomes the conditioned response. This study had a major influence on the psychological study of behaviorism. “Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (Cherry 1). Classical conditioning was discovered by the work of Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov first experimented on classical conditioning by proving he could train a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell the same way a dog naturally salivated to the sight of food. Associating food with the sound of the bell, Pavlov was successful in training the dog to respond the same way to the bell as he would involuntarily respond to the food alone.
Classical conditioning lead Watson to the discovery of behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical condition meaning that control of a stimulus-response reflexive relationship. “Watson assumed that human behavior and the behavior of animals were both governed by the same law of nature” (Jensen, 1). He demonstrated on his experiment with Albert that human emotional response could be
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
Classical conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimuli took on the ability to stimulate a conditioned response in an individual (Gormezano & Moore, 1966). To prove that environment was more impactful than genetics, Watson conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert. Initially, Albert showed little fear towards rats. When Watson repeatedly exposed Albert to the rat accompanied by a loud noise, the latter began to develop fear towards not just the rat but also other furry animals. Watson successfully showed that the acquisition of a phobia can be explained by classical conditioning (Watson & Watson, 1921). Regardless of their genes, the associations of the right stimuli can result in the development of a new behaviour in any individual.
Pavlov wanted to see if the dogs he was working with would learn to associate something like the sound of a bell ringing, with food being received. The procedure of this experiment was that Pavlov would have the dog and himself with the bell in the same room, the bell was a neutral stimulus and after a few trials of giving the food to
The biological approach to psychology makes the assumption that all behaviours are associated with changes in the brain function and that psychopathology will be caused by a disorder within the brain, neuroanatomy. Many biological psychologists tend to assume that most behaviours, normal and disordered, involve an inherited component from the biological parents. In theory this suggests that all behaviours can be related to changes in brain activity.
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Behaviourism is where a person learns through responding to stimuli so as to optimise their own situation. This means that humans have a need to learn so by adapting to a changing environment around to be able to survive. For instance a learner who has some sensory impairment will adapt their own learning styles to accommodate for this barrier by adapting method and using experience they are able to achieve the same learning outcomes as other learners.
We have all heard of Pavlov's Dogs, the experiment where the dogs "drooled" at the sounding of a bell. But, do we know of the details of this infamous experiment? What do we know of the man, beyond that he could ring bells? It is my intention, in this brief dissertation, to shed more light on his life and his experiments.
The strength of classical conditioning is that it can help to explain all aspects of human behavior. Any of behavior can broke down into stimulus-response association, so that according to the classical conditioning, conditioned stimulus will lead conditioned response to occur, then the scientist can observe and determine the behavior (McLeod, 2014). In the case of Pavlovian conditioning, he found that when the conditioned stimulus (bell) was paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food) was presented to the dog, it would start to salivate. After a number of repeated this procedures, Pavlov tried to ring his bell by its own...
Psychology is the investigation of the mind and how it processes and directs our thoughts, actions and conceptions. However, in 1879 Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Nevertheless, the origins of psychology go all the way back thousands of years starting with the early Greeks. This foundation is closely connected to biology and philosophy; and especially the subfields of physiology which is the study of the roles of living things and epistemology, which is the study of comprehension and how we understand what we have learned. The connection to physiology and epistemology is often viewed as psychology, which is the hybrid offspring of those two fields of investigation.
“Behavior theory consists of ideas about how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained, and are extinguished through principles of learning” (Walsh, 2010). Positive and negative reinforcement is used to help manipulate the behaviors of the individual. The theory has been used to help eliminate unwanted behaviors. In addition, behavior theory has been use primarily with children, and persons with developmental disabilities. According to Walsh (2010) behavior theory evolved in the 1960s from a field of philosophy to the field of science. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which plays a major role in behavioral theory. Classical conditioning is the process of learning through ones surroundings, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and response. B. F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning the process of learning to influence the future responses to the environment (Clark, 2004). The two concepts has been used throughout the behavior theory to help assist clients with unacceptable behaviors that is occurring. The combination of the two concepts has been a very helpful aspect to the behavior theory. Both concepts offer a different approach or solution to the behavior of the client.