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ethical issues within the pharmaceutical industry
ethical issues within the pharmaceutical industry
ethics in thepharmaceutical field
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1. What can we learn about health care ethics and Big Pharma from this book? There is a general disconnect between health care ethics and Big Pharma. Pharmaceutical companies do not run on a healthcare model designed to help patients, but on a business model intended to maximize profit. Medical ethicist Harriet Washington writes of how 10 percent of all medical research is dedicated to 90 percent of the world’s ailments (p. 314). Pharmaceutical companies invest such a small percentage of their efforts into research, because there are no lofty profits to be had, investing in medicines that protect patient welfare. Big Pharma boasts that its’ high prices are necessary to recoup their gigantic investments in developing patented medicines.
The African American community have long been treated like “guinea pigs” (p. 223) following a long history of unwarranted medical experimentation and abuse without informed consent on black women and children. Washington writes of how, “In 1995, black and Hispanic children…were given experimental measles vaccines without their parents knowledge…the Medical University of South Carolina was accessed of illegal experimentation when it enrolled pregnant women…most of them black, in a drug treatment research study without their knowledge…three New York City research institutions gave six – to eleven-year-old black boys the cardiotoxic drug …as part of research into genetically mediated violence.”
Some physicians claim to have discovered “black diseases”, with “black remedies”, leading them to create drugs tailored to specific races (p. 155). One such drug was BiDil. Due to a negative bias in pharmaceutical companies, clinical trials of a medication that show signs of ending badly are terminated in order to sell more under patent profits; even if it means not knowing the full effects of a medication. In the case of BiDil, this medication had social and economic effects, evidence of a separate-but-“equal” medicine (p.
The book, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, by James H. Jones, was one of the most influential books in today’s society. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment study began in 1932 and was terminated in 1972. This book reflects the history of African Americans in the mistrust of the health care system. According to Colin A. Palmer, “James H. Jones disturbing, but enlightening Bad Blood details an appalling instance of scientific deception. This dispassionate book discusses the Tuskegee experiment, when a group of physicians used poor black men as the subjects in a study of the effects of untreated syphilis on the human body”(1982, p. 229). In addition, the author mentioned several indications of discrimination, prejudice,
The treatment of African Americans in The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks demonstrates the lack of ethics in the United States health care system during the 1950s and 1960s. Under the impression that medical doctors at Johns Hopkins Hospital were solely injecting radium treatment for cervical cancer, Henrietta Lacks laid on the surgical bed. During this procedure Dr. Lawrence Wharton Jr. shaved two pieces of tissue from her vagina, one from a healthy cervical tissue and one from the cancerous tumor, without Henrietta’s prior knowledge. After recovering from her surgery Henrietta exited the door marked, “Blacks Only,” the door that signified the separation between White and African-American patients. Had Henrietta been White, would the same outcomes have occurred? How badly did a country that proclaimed to be “One Nation under God” divide this very land into two separate nations? The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks truly exhibits the racial disparity in the health care system.
The Tuskegee study of untreated syphilis in the Negro Male population was studied to improve the health of poor African Americans. Men were recruited for this study and were promised free medical examinations, blood tests, and medicines. Bessie disliked going to the doctor, however, she would really not really seek health care knowing the circumstances of this case. Trusting the health care providers would be her biggest issue. Not being able to communicate and understand a patient, as a caregiver would make me not want to go to the doctor as well. Annette Dula would suggest that the need for dialogue with African Americans should be recognized as a serious bioethical problem. I would suggest that health care providers should know different dialogue to get a better understanding of their patients. I agree with the three health disparities: institutional racism, economic equality, and attitudinal barriers to
...hy these 600 black men participated in the study and why did Black professionals allowed this experiment to continue without any objections. it is quite evident that ultimately, the reasons why the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male begun and continued was because of racism. Racism created the economic and social impecunious conditions of the 1930’s that would allow these men to accept their offer. racism created the conditions that would allow black people to “turn the other cheek” as their brothers were being victimized, exploited and murdered. Racism in this case and many other instances of historical racial oppression offered no alternatives.
Human rights experts have reported that in the 70s, African Americans in the U.S were already being overrepresented in drug arrests, with twice as many arrests as Caucasians (Fellner, 2009). Since the war on drugs began, African
Doctor Tristram Engelhardt, an American philosopher, argues that the importance of these profits is to acquire resources and to productively make new discoveries. These profits will secure recourses for these companies and that with the extra money, these pharmaceutical companies can be more innovative. With these profits, more effort will be put in to decreasing morbidity and mortality risks. According to Engelhardt, if these companies decrease profits, the amount of resources and energies available to be innovative will also decrease, leading to more risks. However, Stan Frinkelstein and Peter Temin states that we can eliminate the link between drug prices and drug discovery by developing the Drug Development Corporation, that will solve this problem, as mention in the last
Roberts DE. What's Wrong with Race-Based Medicine?: Genes, Drugs, and Health Disparities. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology. 2011;12(1):1-21.
In Medical Apartheid The Dark History Of Medical Experimentation On Black Americans From Colonial Times To The Present Washington present an argument supporting scientific racism by doctors lead to“behavioral fallout that cause researcher and African Americans to view each other through jaundiced eyes”(Washington 2006) and that the “culture of American medicine has mirrored the larger culture”(Washington 2006). The Doctors used experimentations on people of color and the used their finding to justified and perpetuated the inequalities that existed during slavery. The Framework used to present this idea is scientific racism. Scientific racism isthe use of scientific techniques and hypothesis to support believe in racism and racial inferiority or superiority. The doctors explain that blacks have been “submissive knee-benders”(Washington 2006) and they were immune to the harsh conditions of the southern American climates. Doctors use whatever reasons he wanted to justify the black 's position. They even went far enough to put the biblical depictions in their explanations.
The Tuskegee Study, which lasted 40 years, reveals the steadfast beliefs and little knowledge within the 20th century medical community about the African American people, the nature of sex, and how venereal diseases spread. The Tuskegee Study’s negative impacts reached beyond just the poor African American men who were used as the experiment’s subjects, but to their partners and children as well. Not only was the entire health of a community jeopardized by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) by leaving a communicable disease untreated, but the heavy use of deceit towards the study’s unknowing test subjects illustrates how the race concept and Social Darwinism was so influential in public health during the time. Thankfully, the treatment of human beings like laboratory animals is highly implausible in this day and age.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study was an unethical prospective study based on the differences between white and black males that began in the 1930’s. This study involved the mistreatment of black males and their families in an experimental study of the effects of untreated syphilis. With very little knowledge of the study or the disease by participants, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study can be seen as one of the worst forms of injustices in the United States history. Even though one could argue that the study was originally intended to be for good use, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was immoral and racist because only poor, uneducated black males were used in experiment, the participants were not properly informed of their participation in the experiment, and the participants were withheld from any type of treatment. This paper is designed to explain how the African American males that were used in this study were systematically chosen to be exploited based on race and socio-economic factors.
Williams, D. R., Lavizzo-Mourey, R., & Warren, R. C. (1994). The concept of race and health
The Deadly Deception video scrutinizes the unjust practices of a syphilis study that began in the 1930’s on the campus of Tuskegee Institute by the U.S. Public Health Service. The experiment was conducted using hundreds of African American men that were mainly poor and illiterate. The study was called the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. Participates were deceived and lured in by promises of free medical care and survivors insurance.
The Tuskegee Study, as exampled in the film “Miss Evers’ Boys,” was a horrendous example of the result of racism, a vulnerable population, and the manipulation of people not given the proper dignity they deserved, to benefit the majority class (Woodard). According to the film, in this study a whole community of African Americans went decades with identified cases of syphilis, being given placebo interventions and unjustifiably told that a later recognized intervention of penicillin shots were too risky for their use. Why would they do this? To gain knowledge; and they viewed the study as a “pure” scientific experiment, a human trial that would likely never be acceptable to have been conducted on Whites of the time, and under the full knowledge and aid of the U.S. government (Woodard, “Miss Evers’ Boys”).
The movement for the war on drugs started in the 1970s by President Richard Nixon. The government’s purpose for starting the war on drugs was to prohibit the illegal drug use and illegal drug distribution. The war on drugs had support from some but others felt that the motive behind the war on drugs was racist and further incarcerated Black people and people of color. The war on drugs have been said to mostly effect Black and Latino men but people also forget that Black mothers and mothers of color were criminalized because of the war on drugs. The war on drugs caused law enforcement to target mostly low-income Black mothers and mothers of color. According to the study Susan Miller conducted most women that were locked up for drug charges were mothers and on welfare prior to their arrest (117). In Charleston, South Carolina a Black mother was hauled away by police officers in handcuffs and shackles after giving birth to her baby. When the officers found traces of drugs in the mother’s umbilical cord blood, the police officers charged her with delivering drugs to a minor (her baby) and was separated from her newborn until she went to trial. With Black women being animalistic and indulgent their pregnancy was “degeneracy”. According to Carolyn West oppressive images can be damaging if there are no positive actions to negate the images (288). This justified the reasoning for singling out Black mothers to get
Washington, H. (2006). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York: Doubleday.