The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict one’s health behaviors by focusing on their attitudes and beliefs. HBM is derived from both the Stimulus Response and the Cognitive Theory. Stimulus Response Theory refers to the belief that an individual’s behavior is apparent as a result of the relationship between stimulus and response whereas Cognitive Theory suggests that the different processes concerning learning can be explained by analyzing the mental process first. Furthermore, cognitive theories consist of thinking, reasoning, hypothesizing, and expecting (Banafshe, 2015). HBM also relates to Value-Expectancy Theory in that individuals have the desire to avoid or to get better from illnesses (value) and that they can prevent illnesses through specific health actions (expectation) (Banafshe, 2015). Apart from these three theories, the key constructs of HBM must also be evaluated in order to predict one’s health-related …show more content…
The most challenging activity in the Balance and Mobility program was having older adults balance on a Styrofoam noodle. They were asked to place both of their feet on top of the noodle and to shift their weight back and forth on each foot. To evaluate their vision and sensory skills, they were also asked to close their eyes as they perform this “noodle activity.” Some older adults did not participate in this activity because they perceived the activity as dangerous for they may lose their balance on the Styrofoam noodle and thus, fall over. Conversely, others did not participate because they perceived the activity as being difficult and agonizing. Participants explained that shifting their weight back and forth put a strain on their legs and makes made it painful for them to partake in the activity. Hence, these perceived barriers cause the participants to display a negative attitude towards the “noodle
This essay will demonstrate how health psychology can aid nurses in caring for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It will look at how stigma can impact on the behaviour of patients with HIV as well as explain causes for non adherence. Health psychology studies thoughts, emotions and behaviours related to health and illness. It uses a biopsychosocial approach which considers all aspects of a person's life. Health psychology allows nurses to have a better understanding of how patients perceive health, what influences health risk behaviours and what prompts people to adopt healthy behaviours (Ogden, 2012a). The health belief model (HBM), which was developed in 1966 by Rosenstock, is used as a way of explaining why people choose to use health protection behaviours (Pitts and Phillips, 1998). For the purpose of this essay the HBM will be applied to HIV to demonstrate how it can explain why some people choose not to use condoms.
Health belief model is becoming aware of threat, if a person does not see a healthcare behavior as risky or threatening there is no encouragement to act. For example, when Sabrina swims at their summer lake every day, she doesn’t realize that she is at risk of skin cancer and will most likely to continue to swim at the infected lake. According to several search, there are two main types of perceived threats such as perceived susceptibility and perceived severity. Susceptibility refers to how much risk a person perceives he or she has. On the other hand, severity refers to how serious the consequences might be to effectively change health behaviors, most people however usually believe in both susceptibility and severity. Because both susceptibly
The association between health beliefs and intentions or actual performance of health behaviours has been examined extensively within the theoretical framework of social cognitive models such as the Health Belief Model (e.g. Rosenstock, 1974), and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (e.g. Ajzen, 1985). These theoretical approaches have a number of overlapping constructs (Norman & Conner, 1996), and personal models also have similarities with elements of social cognition theories. However, personal models are unique in that they are empirically based, originating in studies of patients. Focusing on Illness cognition within the con...
Aim of this paper is to examine and present the application of social cognition models in the prediction and alternation of health behavior. Social cognition models are used in health practices in order to prevent illness or even improve the health state of the individuals in interest, and protect their possibly current healthy state. This essay is an evaluation of the social cognition models when used to health behaviors. Unfortunately it is impossible to discuss extensively all the models and for this reason we will analyze three of the most representative cognitive models to present an integrated idea of their application.
The HBM has four concepts; (1) perceived susceptibility is the personal belief that condition or illness is unavoidable, (2) perceived severity- this is personal or individual view of the amplitude of the illness and the consequences, (3) perceived benefits, individual thoughts of the availability and the recommended actions to avoid such as smoking cessation. (4) Perceived barrier refers to all the negative features of particular health action (Rawlett,
Health psychology focuses on the well being of a person’s physical health. “Health psychology reflects the belief that lifestyle choices, behaviors, and psychological characteristics can play important roles in health (Hwang, Moser, & Dracup, 2014; Oh and Taylor, 2014)” as found in (King, 2016 p. 508.). I want to eat healthy and become physically active. “The stages of change model describes the process by which individuals give up bad habits and adopt healthier lifestyles” (King, 2016 p. 510.). The five stages are precontemplation, contemplation, preparation/determination, action/willpower, and maintenance. I think those things can help you accomplish many things. My mom has been smoking since she was eleven and I think these five steps can help her quit. My sister has high blood pressure and complains if being overweight. The purpose of this paper is to explain how health psychology can help my family and I become healthy and active.
Lets make it quite clear that change doesn’t happen overnight nor is it ever a process easy. To make a proper and healthy life-style behavior change, you must be dedicated to put in the time and effort that’s necessary for accomplish any goal. When I first began to become engage in exercising and becoming more physically fit I found that the Health Belief Model and the Social Cognitive Theory demonstrated the progression that I have made throughout my change. To begin you do not need to try and follow through the steps provided in any given model or a theory, the reasoning behind that statement is that everyone is different so our stages of change will all differ from one another. For me, once I decided that I wanted to begin attending group-fitness classes I found that through the Health Belief Model I had to understand the perceived benefits of my change, I had to
...stina J., Helen E. Smith, Anthony J. Frew, George Du Toit, Somnath Mukhopadhyay, and Carrie D. Llewellyn. "Explaining Adherence to Self-care Behaviours amongst Adolescents with Food Allergy: A Comparison of the Health Belief Model and the Common Sense Self-regulation Model." Explaining Adherence to Self-care Behaviours amongst Adolescents with Food Allergy: A Comparison of the Health Belief Model and the Common Sense Self-regulation Model. 19.1 (2014): 65-82. EBSCO. British Journal of Health Psychology, Feb. 2014. Web. 30 Mar. 2014.
Behavior is an important keyword when discussing health promotion theories because lifestyle modification requires a change in beliefs and attitude. Many health promotion theories explain how behavior can enhance or deter a patients progress in health related activities. Nola Pender, a nursing theorist and educator, has developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM). The three main parts of the HPM ar...
The key concept of the health belief model includes threat perception (perceived threat), behavioral evaluation, self-efficacy and other variables. The threat perception has very great relevance in health-related behaviors. This perception are measured by perceived susceptibility (the beliefs about the likelihood of contacting a disease) and perceived severity (the feeling about the seriousness of contacting an illness and leaving it untreated). The behavioral evaluation is assessed by the levels of perceived benefits (the positive effects to be expected), perceived barriers (potential negative aspects of a health behavior), and cues to action (the strategies to activated one’s readiness). The self-efficacy key concept was not originally included in of the health belief model, and it was just added in 1998 to look at a person’s belief in his/her ability to take action in order to make a health related change. The other variables that are also the key concepts of the model include diverse demography, sociopsychology, education, and structure. These factors are variable from one to another and indirectly influence an individual’s health-related behavior because the factors influence the perception...
Cognitive change and motivation applies to my life in how I interact with friends and family making their own lifestyle choices. Making sure people I know are aware why they’re making changes and of the benefits that come from changes will definitely help them in the long run. Explaining exactly why attitudes about self-efficacy and normative beliefs, such as in the Theory of Planned Behavior model, provide a clear way to illustrate the importance of cognition in lifestyle change.
Health psychology is a relatively new concept rapidly growing and could be defined as the biological and psychological influences affect ones behaviour also bringing in social influences of health and illness (MacDonald, 2013). Biological determinants consider genetic and biological factors of an illness whereas psychological determinants focus on the psychological factors such as why people behave the way they do when dealing with issues such as anxiety and stress. Models such as the Health Belief Model and Locus of Control were developed in attempt to try and explain psychological issues around a chronic illness such as breast cancer (Ogden, 2012). Sociological factors can cause an enormous amount of pressure for one to behave in a certain way for example gender roles in society and religious considerations when dealing with health beliefs. Health Beliefs can be defined as one’s own perception to their own personal health and illness and health behaviours (Ogden, 2012). There are also theories and models used to explain pain and coping with diagnosis such as Moos and Schaefer (1984) Crisis theory and Shontz (1975) cycle of grief people go through when being diagnosed with a serious illness.
... wants their patients to start eating healthier it could help give them ideas on how to change their patient’s intentions. The health care provider could help the patient realize that the important people in their life want them to eat healthy, and this could help change their behavior. They could educate them on the effects of eating healthier and ultimately change their attitude about eating healthy. For example, the patient does not have to cut junk food out completely; they just have to eat it in moderation. This is just one situation were the theories could help in the health care field. There are many other ways these theories are useful. It is important to understand these theories in order to understand that behavior is affected by someone’s intentions. This makes it easier to understand what affects a person’s intentions and how they can be changed.
According to the Social Cognitive Theory, changing a behavior is a function of individual characteristics: a person’s sense of self efficacy about the new behavior, their confidence and overcoming barriers. The person’s behavioral capability, expectations and expectancies, their level of self-control and emotional coping ability; environmental factors: the social and physical environment surrounding individuals. The behavior of others (“modeling”) and the consequences of that behavior, which result in vicarious learning. The situation in which the behavior takes place, and perceptions of the situation by individuals. Reinforcements (negative or positive) that are given to individuals in response to the behavior; the interactive process of reciprocal determinism where a person acts based on individual factors and social/environmental cues, receives a response from that environment, adjust behavior, acts again and so on (Edberg, 2015). Ensuring that patients receive social skills training, self-efficacy boost, an educational component and vicarious learning is in alignment with the social cognitive theory. Unfortunately, there are certain regions that suffer from health and socioeconomic disparities that lead to extraordinarily poor health outcomes that would benefit from the implementation of the social cognitive
(2009) show, such kind of exercises can also be useful for the elderly. Old-aged people need to be physically active and move, otherwise, many adverse consequences will follow. In their article, Diest, Lamoth, Stegenga, Verkerke, and Postema (2013) focus on the poor postural control that can cause falls and, as a consequence, fall injuries. As the statistics provided in the article states, nearly 33% of community-dwelling elderly fall at least one time in a year (Diest et al., 2013, p. 1). Up to 20 percent of those falls have serious consequences, from lacerations to head traumas and even deaths. However, the postural control can and should be improved through training, and one of the best ways to do this is exergaming. In addition to the fact that such kind of training improves the balance abilities, it also increases the motivation and makes old-aged people enjoy their training programs (Diest et al., 2013, p.