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In Defense of Qualitative Research Methods
grounded theory annotated bibliography
In Defense of Qualitative Research Methods
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Grounded Theory
Grounded Theory (GT) is an established research approach used to generate theories, and it has been applied based on empirical data in many fields. However, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967) start using this approach in sociological theorizing based on qualitative inquiry. Since then, Grounded Theory (GT) approach appears as a powerful (ke, J. and Wenglensky, S., 2010) and widely popular (Birks, M., and Mills, J., 2015; El Hussein, M., Hirst, S., Salyers, V., and Osuji, J., 2014) qualitative research approach for developing theory grounded in qualitative data. It is popular because GT offers researchers the luxury of maintaining an open mind (Birks, M., and Mills, J., 2015) and allowing the data to generate a theory. In this process, the emergent findings represent natural phenomena, and the evolving theories are free from any preconceived pattern explicated from the literature.
However, Grounded Theory is identified as ?a qualitative research design in which inquirer generates a general explanation (a theory) of a process, an action, or an interaction shaped by the views of a large number of
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meaning a company, people or a nation; and the word, ?-graphy,? meaning a ?field of study?. Ethnographic research, thus, focuses ?on developing a complex and complete description of the culture of a group, or a culture-sharing group? (Creswell, J. W., 2013). In other words, it can be mentioned that an ethnographic research (a) documents routine daily lives of people (Fetterman, 1998); (b) explores a cultural group (Creswell, J. W., 2013); (c) interprets situation from participants? perspectives ( Nurani, L. M., and Kemanusiaan, K. K. Ilmu, 2008); (d) interacts and interviews participants in a natural setting ( Nurani, L. M., and Kemanusiaan, K. K. Ilmu, 2008); and (e) possesses a guiding question that evolves during the study (Hall,
In Essentials of Cultural Anthropology, the book defines ethnography as “a written account of how a single human population lives” (Bailey & Peoples, 2014, p. 8). It seems to be such a simple definition to the multiple levels needed to make a successful ethnography as shown by Douglas Raybeck in Mad Dogs, Englishmen, and the Errant Anthropologist. These multiple levels of ethnographic methods include problems that often arise, the assimilation into a culture, and the many different ways of perceiving culture. This method of study is particularly unique to the social sciences because of the extensive amount of assimilation one does in order to interpret a society's culture. There is the need for a year-long period--occasionally even longer--
Ethnographic fieldwork is characteristic of cultural anthropology (Sprandley, 6) . Ethnography entails theory of cultures. Ethnographic fieldwork is important to cultural anthropology to undercover the unknown principles of another way of life so they can enlightened the people through it to understand different way of life and the situation another way of life are living. Anthropologist study from those who distinguish the culture best such as
Among all the available approaches to qualitative research the grounded theory is one of the most unique methodologies,
Spradley, J. P. & McCurdy, D. W. (1972). The Cultural Experience: Ethnography in a Complex Society. Chicago: Science Research Associates.
Regarding my high school students, Preparatoria de la Arquidiósesis de Monterrey, ethnographic observation can be done as an extension of the socioeconomic study each student has before each semester. The totality
I will split this essay into two parts. Firstly, I will describe to the reader the product of my research, including the main ethnography itself and also the way in which I arrived at the conclusions I did. Secondly, I will critically analyse the process I undertook to gain my data. This will include reflecting on dilemmas such as ethics, choice of field site and other issues that I encountered whilst carrying out my research.
In order to understand the production of sociological knowledge one must first examine the thought processes that lay behind each piece of research. Before a particular subject matter is researched, the researcher firstly makes certain assumptions about that matter. These assumptions differ dependent on the theoretical approach that is taken. They can be divided into three logical areas, namely ontology, epistemology and methodology.
In the traditional sense, an ethnography was just merely an explanation of culture; how the interact, survive, and continue as a culture. However, in the contemporary sense, ethnographies are not only used to explain how cultures work, but to expose a problem within it and propose a solution for the problem that would work within the context of the culture. This sense of contextual problem solving is prevalent in the last two ethnographies we read as a class: Here Our Culture is Hard, by Laura McClusky, and The Righteous Dopefiend, by Philippe Bourgois. McClusky's study is on the issue of domestic
The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research is a book by Strauss and Glaser that seeks to address how theory from data is discovered, systematically obtained, analyzed in social research and how it can furthered. According to the book, grounded theory is the discovery of theory from data. They argue that this is a major task that confronts sociology. They also stated that this provided relevant explanations prediction interpretation and application. I found this book useful in the explanation of grounded theory. The book aims at improving the capacity to generate theory relevant to social research. This book is useful for anyone who study’s social phenomena especially when the study focuses on qualitative
The author could have employed other methods of qualitative research such as, narrative analysis, grounded theory, discourse analysis, data display and analysis, content analysis and quantifying qualitative data and computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAPDAS) (Saunders et al., 2016). Nevertheless, these approaches seem cumbersome sometimes and take a long time to complete (Willig, 1999; Braun and Clarke, 2006 and Smith and Bekker,
... data (Myers, 2013). To illustrate the application of grounded theory to the tourism and hospitality industry in this article, the two dimensional framework proposed Urquhart, Lehman and Myers (2010) is depicted in Figure 4. Connell and Lowe (1997) demonstrate interpretation on the degree of conceptualization on the x-axis and substantive focus of the theory scope on the y-axis (Myers, 2013). The article notes that data collection interview and fieldwork produced 40,000 words of data and sufficient evidence (Connell and Lowe, 1997), but the article does not show any of the data (Pratt, 2009). As a result, it is not clear how the researcher connects the data to the practical application of the approach in international tourism and hospitality industry. The article does explain the motive and need (Pratt, 2009) for inductive qualitative research using grounded theory.
Grounded Theory (GT) is an established research approach used for generating theories, and it has been applied based on empirical data in many fields. However, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967) initiate to using this approach in sociological theorizing based on qualitative inquiry. Since then, Grounded Theory (GT) approach appears as a powerful (ke, J. and Wenglensky, S., 2010) as well as a very popular (Birks, M., and Mills, J., 2015; El Hussein, M., Hirst, S., Salyers, V., and Osuji, J., 2014) qualitative research approach for developing theory grounded in qualitative data. It is popular because GT offers researchers the luxury of maintaining an open mind (Birks, M., and Mills, J., 2015) and allowing the data to generating a theory. In this process, the emergent findings appear representative of natural phenomena, and the evolving theories are free from any preconceived pattern explicated from the literature.
Glaser, B.G., Strauss, A.L. (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Chicago: Aldine.
First, Sociocultural anthropology is the study cultural variation among humans, collecting data about the impact of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities. They use a variety of methods, including participant observation, interviews and surveys. Their research is often called fieldwork because it involves the anthropologist spending an extended period of time at the research location, called a field site. These stays usually last one year during graduate studies, but can be as short as a few weeks, or as long as a lifetime. Sociocultural anthropologists examine social patterns and practices across cultures, with a special interest in how people live in particular places and how they organize, govern, and create meaning. A hallmark of sociocultural anthropology is its concern with similarities and differences, both within and among societies, and its attention to race, sexuality, class, gender, and nationality. Research in sociocultural anthropology is distinguished by it...
According to James Spradley (1979) in The Ethnographic Interview, ethnology is "the study of culture" (pg. iii). On the surface, this would seem the simplest of tasks. However most of us are unaware that we are wearing Kant's irremovable glasses' when it comes to viewing other cultures­our own personal biases and beliefs are fully intact. This ethnocentric viewpoint (defined by John Bodley as "the tendency to evaluate other cultures in reference to one's own presumably superior culture"2) is the biggest stumbling block to understanding other cultures and recognizing their own inherent value. The aim of the good ethnographer is to take off the glasses of ethnocentrism as often as possible and learn from other people what their world is like.