INTRODUCTION
Situated on the banks of river Thames, London is spread over an urban area of 1737.9 sq. km., having a population of 8,630,000 and density of 5490 ppl/sq.km. (Wikipedia (2011) Greater London Built-up Area. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area [Accessed 11 September 2015]). It has developed into a global city which has strengthened its base into almost all the sectors ranging from arts and commerce to tourism and transport.
REASON FOR SELECTING LONDON AS A CASE STUDY
Following are the pointers considered for selecting London as a case study:
London has a vast history which talks about major 8 time periods. This will help in identifying the areas which triggered the urban transformation.
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Four new Provinces were formed for which London was declared as a capital for one of them. The Emperor also declared London to be the financial centre and home of treasury of Britain. After this the Emperor got killed and the new Emperor besieged and plundered London. Meanwhile the dead Emperor’s General arrived and saved the city from new Emperor and reunited Britain with Rome. At the end of this era, the Emperor gave away his responsibilities to the British Province and then the defence and all other heads were administered by British Province.
Thus, this period saw many rises and fall of London and can be considered as an important period as at the end it has been able to mark the development and formation of London as an important city of the historic period.
Dark Age(5th Century)
A lot is not known about this age. Although the highlights of this age are that inhabitants used Roman coins, from the previous century, imported amphora jars in large quantities which were exported from Eastern Mediterranean. This trade with another Empire stress’s on recovery of London as a centre for commerce. But the situation during that period around the world was such that in return exports, it was slaves who were received. The city was named as ‘Caer-Lundien’, which is the late Celtic
that must have gone down hill because now there is no sign of it. In
While, Aidan. "Modernism vs Urban Renaissance: Negotiating Post-war Heritage in English City Centres." Urban Studies, Vol. 43, No. 13, 2006: 2399–2419.
Starting off, England benefited from the Industrial Revolution in a small extent regarding their dirty and crowded cities. In the first place, English
However, Grafton did not look back to the Middle Ages which was the period between the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and the beginning of Italian Renaissance. People generally considered the Middle Ages as very dark era, where nothing happened except for plague, famine, and the well-known black death. People considered this period as stagnation that they believe there was no growth in the socioeconomic prospective. For example, they believe there were no development of new technology and no expansion of towns and city. ...
Question1: Critically examine ONE text (film/image/game/book/composition/net art) depicting London. How are space and time used and depicted in the text?
Close your eyes and sit back in your recliner. Let the cool breeze refresh you as you relax in your hardwood floored den and sip your English tea. Now picture London. What kind of an image comes to mind? Perhaps the sophisticated languages of its inhabitants or just the aura of properness that encompasses typical visions of the great city of London. I am not writing to deny the eloquence of London, I am instead writing to challenge the notion of sophistication that many of us hold true to London. Could a city of such brilliance and royalty ever fester with the day to day problems that we witness daily in our own country? I argue, yes.
end London was rebuilt with essentially the same street plan, but with wider streets and no houses blocking access to the Thames River.
The nineteenth century was definitely a time of population growth and England was no exception to population growth. According to Professor of Economics, Nicola Tynan, in 1801, the metropolis in London had a population of 959,000. By 1851, the population had grown to 2.3 million residents and then in 1900, the population was up to 4.5 million (Tynan, 76). People in the area just wanted to move into the cities for the news jobs that were available in industry and to change their lives. These statistics are for the London metropolis, but the same population growth was occurring in many of the cities in northern England.
In valuing the developable land at Canary Wharf, there are several factors to take into account. Namely, it is crucial to decide on an appropriate rate at which to discount the projected cash flows for the property. The developable properties of Canary Wharf come with considerable risk. For example, the London office market downturn, as well as significant market hits for the large financial services tenants of Canary Wharf, presents serious tenant lease up and lease covenant negotiation risks. How long will it take to attract quality tenants to the buildings, especially as financial services tenants are currently stressed? Additionally, the requirement for further planning consent on the buildings indicates that construction on three of the sites can not commence for a number of years. How can one accurately predict the market in the future? Will the London Office market significantly improve or continue to decline? What will interest rates look like? Songbird must consider the risk of valuing such sites several years into the future. Further, Songbird must consider the weighty transportation risk. If the Crossrail project does not come to fruition in a timely manner with necessary approvals, development will not proceed as planned, causing cost overruns and heavy construction delays. Assuming that Canary Wharf is able to get the necessary transportation approvals, Canary Wharf's projected cash flows should be discounted at 12.5% in order to mitigate risks to be faced. Given this discount rate, as well as considering all taxes, debt obligations, rents and rent-free periods, and all construction costs, an appropriate bid on the developable sites at Canary Wharf is ₤809,000 (the Net Present Value of the cash flows, discounted at 12.5%). Please see Exhibit 1 for a detailed pro forma of all projected cash flows.
Throughout time, history has taken some strange turns. A single ruler establishing some new form of government can transform entire civilizations, or a single event can lead to the creation of a great new people. Whatever the case, history can repeat itself in time. One possible exemption of this could be Britain’s time period of the Middle Ages. Bearing a distinct and unique culture relative to the time period, some of the values and the customs held during this time have yet to be repeated in history. It is perhaps the most unique period of all time for the British Isles.
Pollins, Harold. "Transport Lines and Social Divisions" from London Aspects of Change: Edited by the Centre for Urban Studies. MacGibbon & Kee, London. 1964.
Greater London Authority, (2008). London’s Central Business District: “Its global importance”. Greater London Authority, London .UK.
This essay seeks to investigate the negative and positive effects of migration in London. As the London Migration Observatory claim London has the largest number of migrants among all regions of the United Kingdom (UK). About 37% of the UK’s foreign-born population was in London (LMO, Dr.Rienzo and Dr.Vargas-Silva). Furthermore, According to the Benton-Smith statistic, London is the 5th International city in the world after New York, Toronto, Dubai and Los Angeles.That is why author choose this city. This research will analyze the impacts of migration to the London in the different aspects, such as social and economy.
According to the British think tank Z/Yen, London is the top-ranked center for global finance. According to another think tank, the Centre for Cities, London generates as much tax revenue as the next 37 largest cities in the United Kingdom. The tax alone on financial services in London is immense. The European Union combined has the highest GDP in the world (above that of the United States) (GDP SOURCE). One of the principal reasons for which London is the leading international finance center is its access to the European Union, the world 's largest economy. Obviously, the United Kingdom being a member of the European Union is enormously helpful to ease the operations of the incredible amount of financial services that happens between London and the European
“London is one of the most culturally vibrant cities in the world,” states the London Authority. London is known for its many museums and art galleries, there are over 170 museums and 11 national museums in the city. The city hosts over 250 festivals each year, including Europe’s biggest street festival Mayor’s Thames Festival. Many famous artists come from London, some include Adele, Amy Winehouse, Coldplay, and Pink Floyd, all which have been world’s best-selling artists. London has a very diverse culture, they are included in a little bit of everything from music, to art, to fashion, and even libraries (The Official Site Of the Mayor of London and the London