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Newtons laws
Acceleration due to gravity
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The Gravitational Slingshot
The gravitational slingshot is a way that scientists have truly harnessed the gravitational pull of a planet by using it to launch satellites and other useful projectiles towards their desired locations. This method was developed through the use of Newton's Laws of Gravity and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion. When these ideas of gravity and the shape of a planet's orbit were brought together piece by piece, this new theory changed how a projectile traveling through space could simply cross an orbital pattern, which would in turn change the path of the moving object. The change in the path accelerates the object at a higher rate and sends it speeding off in its proper direction. The gravitational slingshot doesn't guarantee perfect results every time, but it has shown to be an extremely helpful technique in the world of space travel, which when studied and tested can be further improved to ensure safe and accurate results every time.
Newton, while sitting out in a field one day, was hit on the head by an apple that fell from a tree. Most people would think nothing of this event, but Newton brought into perspective that some force had to draw that apple to ground once it was released from the branches of the tree. Through much observation and testing, Newton came up with a name for this force. He called it gravity. Newton created 3 laws to use as guidelines for gravity. Law 1 states that an object in motion stays in motion and that an object at rest stays at rest. The second Law states that force equals the product of mass and acceleration. The final Law simply states that for every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction. These theories originated from something as simp...
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...ay not always be proven true, it leads them on a better path to find answers to the questions they still have unsolved, which can be found by testing a new hypothesis based on gathered data from the previous experiments.
Works Cited
Anonymous. “The Gravitational Slinghshot.” Gravitation. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. .
Mr. Bowie’s Physics Class. “The Science Classroom WIki.” The Science Classroom. Jody Bowie, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. .
Nave, Carl R. “Kepler’s Laws.” Hyper Physics. Carl R. Nave, 2010. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. .
Odenwald, Stan. “Ask the Astronomer.” Astronomy Cafe. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Mar. 2011. .
Aristotle, R. P. Hardie, and R. K. Gaye. Physics. Adelaide: The University of Adelaide Library, 2000. Print.
In 1687, Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (also known as Principia). The Principia was the “climax of Newton's professional life” (“Sir Isaac Newton”, 370). This book contains not only information on gravity, but Newton’s Three Laws of Motion. The First Law states that an object in constant motion will remain in motion unless an outside force is applied. The Second Law states that an object accelerates when a force is applied to a mass and greater force is needed to accelerate an object with a larger mass. The Third Law states that for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction. These laws were fundamental in explaining the elliptical orbits of planets, moons, and comets. They were also used to calculate
The key idea of General Relativity, called the Equivalence Principle, is that gravity pulling in one direction is completely equivalent to an acceleration in the opposite direction. (A car accelerating forwards feels just like sideways gravity pushing you back against your seat. An elevator accelerating upwards feels just like gravity pushing you into the floor.
...ere derived strictly from careful observation and had no theoretical basis. However, about 30 years after Kepler died, the English mathematician/physicist Sir Isaac Newton derived his inverse square law of gravity, which says that the force acting on two gravitating bodies is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Kepler's laws may be derived from this theoretical principle using calculus.
Isaac Newton’s story of how an apple falling from a tree that hit his head inspired him to formulate a theory of gravitation is one that all school children grow up hearing about. Newton is arguably one of the most influential scientific minds in human history. He has published books such as Arithmetica Universalis, The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms, Methods of Fluxions, Opticks, the Queries, and most famously, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia MathematicaHe formulated the three laws of gravitation, discovered the generalized binomial theorem, developed infinitesimal calculus (sharing credit with Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz, who developed the theory independently), and worked extensively on optics and refraction of light. Newton changed the way that people look at the world they live in and how the universe works.
The three laws of motion are three rules that explain the motion of an object. The first law is the law of inertia. It states that every object remains at rest unless it is compelled by an external force. The second law is the law of acceleration. This law shows when there is a change in force, it causes a change in velocity. Finally, the third law states that every force in nature has an equal and opposite reaction. His discovery in calculus help confirms his second law of motion. Calculus also gave Isaac Newton powerful ways to solve mathematical problems. Lastly, for the color spectrum, he produced a beam of light from a tiny hole in a window shade. He placed a glass prism in front of the beam of light creating a color spectrum. In Newton’s undergraduate days, Newton was greatly influenced by the Hermetic tradition. After learning about the Hermetic tradition it influenced him to look at a different perspective into his discoveries and theories. One of the myths that followed the discovery is his discovery of universal gravitation. It is said that while Isaac Newton was thinking about the forces of nature, an apple fell on his head and he found the theory of gravity. There is no evidence that an apple fell on Newton’s head, but the evidence is shown that Newton got an idea of the theory of gravity when he saw an apple fall from a tree. During his life; however, Isaac Newton faced many obstacles. When he published some of his ideas in Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society, some people challenged his ideas such as Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens to a point where Newton stopped publishing his work. During his life, he also suffered a nervous breakdown in a period of his life. He was convinced his friends were conspiring against him, and he couldn’t sleep at all for five
Einstein and Newton are the most popular explanations of gravity to this day. After Einstein, there have been some new theories trying to disprove him. One new popular theory is called emergent gravity and it tries to explain the motions of stars in space. There are many conceptions about gravity that confuse many people. Many people believe space does not have gravity, which is understandable however this is false. Another common misconception is that objects that are farther apart have a strong gravity pull on each other, Newton proved this to be incorrect (“Gravity Misconceptions”). The simple basics of gravity are understood by scientists, but there is still no exact answer that explains just how gravity
Kirkpatrick, L. D., & Wheeler, G. F., Physics: A World View. Philadelphia: Harcourt Inc., 2001.
The definition of a projectile is an object that the only force acting on it is gravity. Projectile motion is the path the projectile takes. We saw and used this topic a few times in our project. The first time we saw it was when the marble was flew out of the pipe and was in the air. The second time we used the topic to make sure the trains fell on the lever in the correct spot so the golf ball would roll. The third time it was used, was when the board fall on the balloon. It fell as half of a parabola since it started standing up.
The Volume Library, vol. I, Physics: Newton's Law of Motion. Pg. 436. The Southwestern Company, Nashville, Tennessee, 1988.
Bottle rockets are great models to examine Newton’s three laws of motion. The bottle rocket will remain on the ground until an unbalanced force, water, thrusts the rocket upward. This is defined by Newton’s first law of motion: an object at rest stays at rest or an object in motion, stays in motion (in the same direction/at the same speed) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. It is also known as the law of inertia.
In space, all objects are in orbit of something. Satellites both manmade and natural orbit planets and moons. Moons orbit planets. Planets orbit stars, and stars orbit the center of galaxies. An orbit is the elliptical path an object follows when affected by gravitation. Basically that means that gravity from a big object such as a planet, pulls a smaller object, such as an asteroid, towards it, and as a result, the asteroid circles it. Why do objects in orbit circle the body that they are orbiting instead of just falling into it? Satellites do fall into the bodies that they are orbiting, but they are moving at such a high velocity, that they miss the object and are pulled around in an ellipse. To do so, objects must move extremely fast. An object in low Earth orbit must move extremely fast. The equation to find orbital velocity is v_orbit=√(rg_orbit ) meaning orbital velocity equals the square root of the orbital radius times the acceleration of gravity at that orbit. All systems with an object moving in uniform circular motion have two basic parts: a satellite velocity in a straight line, and a centripetal force pulling the linear velocity vector into a circle. The International Space Station orbits at an altitude of 460km and has an orbital velocity of 7.7km/s. That is about the length of the Mackinac Bridge in one second.
The steps that are included in most pre-college textbooks are defining the problem, gathering background information, forming a hypothesis, making observations, testing the hypothesis, drawing conclusions, and communicating the results, but this method is not used. One reason for this myth is the way results are published in research journals because it makes people believe that scientists follow a certain research plan. Philosophers have shown that no research procedure is applied by all scientists. Usually scientists use imagination, knowledge, perseverance, and other methods used by problem solvers. This myth teaches that science is not different from other challenges that humans face. This myth has a chance to be corrected because many newer textbooks are taking the method out of the discussions of
Henderson, T. n.d. The physics classroom tutorial. Lesson 2: Force and Its Representation [Online]. Illinois. Available at: http://gbhsweb.glenbrook225.org/gbs/science/phys/class/newtlaws/u2l2b.html [Accessed: 28th March 2014].