Graphene and its Properties
Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and the fifteenth most abundant on Earth. It is the sixth element on the Periodic Table of Elements with four valence electrons that are used to bond with other atoms. Atoms tend to fill their outer shell with eight valence electrons to remain stable. This leads to atoms sharing or exchanging electrons to satisfy that requirement. This property lends to the versatile nature of carbon and explains the numerous forms that it comes in and why carbon is essential for all living organisms. Carbon is a basic building block of numerous molecules and lends itself to creating intricate chemical structures. Currently, there are over ten million know carbon molecules in existence. An entire branch of chemistry known as organic chemistry is dedicated solely to the study of carbon molecules and their properties. Carbon has many allotropes, which are different structural forms of the same element, due to its valency. Common allotropes of carbon like graphite and diamond vary greatly in physical appearance and properties due to the differences in their structure. Graphene itself is a single layer of graphite with carbon arranged in a honey-comb structure. The first time that graphene was isolated and produced in a lab was in 2004 by researchers Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov. Further studies have shown that graphene’s two-dimensional structure lends itself to having incredible properties such as its efficient electrical and thermal
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conductivity as well its strength.This scientific breakthrough has since then furthered the research of graphene and greatly garnered public interest in the material’s practical applications.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
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... beyond the linear regime. (Lee et al. 385)
At the time of testing, graphene was the toughest material known to man, before the discovery of carbyne - a one-dimensional carbon material. A single sheet of graphene had enough strength to withstand the weight of a full-grown elephant. Yet for graphene to be visible to the human eye, it would take three-million sheets stacked on top of each other to make it one centimeter thick.
THERMAL PROPERTIES
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE
Batteries, supercapacitors, light-weight vehicles, electric cars, flexible transparent electronics, faster computers, desalination of water, biological applications
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Works Cited
Lee, C., X. Wei., J. W. Kysar., J. Hone. Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic
Strength of Monolayer Graphene. Science, Vol. 321 no. 5887, pp. 385-388. 2008. Print.
Current collectors are made of graphitic materials due to its good conduction. GDL gas diffusion layers are made of carbon paper, which has low electronic resistance in order to provide maximum electronic contact and prevent water flooding. Bipolar plates are made of either graphite sot thermosets materials. [Lister & McLean ]
Graphene oxide is an amorphous with an sp2 hybridised carbon (graphene) base littered with oxygen groups a C/O ratio of between 1.6 and 4 and a sheet thickness of 1 nm (from AFM) (Dreyer et al., 2010). The oxygen groups disrupt the sp2 base and then forming sp3 sites distorting graphene oxide in a corrugated fashion with a surface roughness of approximately 0.6nm (Dreyer et
One carbon atom can bond to another, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are unlimited in length. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms. They can even close up on each other to form rings.
Deformation of a material or strains depends on the magnitude of stress. For most metals that are stressed in tension stress and strain are proportional Deformation at which stress is proportional to stain is called elastic deformation, a plot of stress versus strain results in a linear relationship. The slope of this linear segment represents to the modulus of elasticity E. This modulus indicates the stiffness of the material or material’s resistance to el...
technology that can help us out later on. Like solar power panels are run by protons
Carbon is a great element for our planet because it have 6 electrons. Two of the electrons are in the inner shell and the other four electrons are in the other shell. This makes carbon very bondable. Because of this carbon has the ability for multiple molecules to share identical molecular formulas but possess different three-dimensional
Carbon improves harden ability, strength, hardness, and wear resistance; it reduces ductility, weldability, and toughness.
the discovery of carbon nanotubes, the strongest material known to man, a possible solution has been found.
Graphene refers to a single layer of graphite, with sp2 hybridized carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal...
Since development and invention takes time and money, some people question if it’s worth the effort. Some scientist are looking into another way for clean solution that doesn’t require as much funding and as much time.
Fullerenes are accepted as the fourth for of solid carbon after amorphous, graphite and diamond forms. Fullerene chemistry has provided a new dimension of aromatic and a new platform for discussion of mathematical techniques pertinent to large cages. They are basically, large carbon cage molecules. These fullerenes have attracted great interest a large number of physical and chemical properties. These properties of nanostructures strongly depend on this size, shape and chemical compositions. This property leads to very interesting and recent applications in medicinal chemistry, material science and nanotechnology. Functionalization, intercalation and doping by the addition of electron acceptors or donors are the way of modifying the properties of these nanostructures. Among these nanostructures carbon based nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanocages, nanoshells,
Cyclic voltammetric and amperometic measurements will be performed to measure and detect the current at the working electrode and plotted versus the applied voltage. Electrochemical window of working electrode and electrolyte solution can examine the oxidation/reduction peak of redox species. If absence of redox analyte the cyclic voltammogram will form rectangular shape as voltage constantly varies the current will get to steady state. GO (0.5 g/mL) will be added in to 0.05M Sodium Perborate (PBS) solution. 30 continuous Cyclic voltammograms will be executed in the potential range between 0 to -1.5 V while scan rate at 30 mV/s. A cathodic peak will emerge at -1.0 V with an onset potential of -0.75 V during first cathodic potential scan. Cathodic peak will be disappearing completely after several cycles.
Carbon is one of the basic elements of matter (Bush 1230-1231). The name carbon comes from the Latin word "carbo" meaning charcoal.Carbon is the sixth most abundant element (Gangson). More than 1,000,000 compounds are made from carbon(Carbon (C)). "The Element Carbon is defined as a naturally abundant non-metallic element that occurs in many inorganic and in all organic compounds, exists freely as graphite and diamond and as a constituent of coal, limestone, and petroleum, and is capable of chemical self-bonding to form an enormous number of chemically, biologically, and commercially important molecules." Carbon is used in diamonds, petroleum oil, radiocarbon dating, smoke detectors, kerosine, gasoline, carbon fiber. (Alcin).
Condensed Matter Physics, in its early conception, was not known by its more modern terminology but emanated from Solid State Physics. Comparable to Astronomy, Solid State Physics is the oldest subcategory of what we now refer to as Physics. Condensed-matter physics is broader and applies to concepts that work in solids, but could equally be applied to liquids: superconductivity vs. superfluidity, and soft-condensed matter. Condensed Matter Physics has contributed properties of materials including electronic, magnetic, dynamical, mechanical, and thermo-dynamical properties of nanoscale systems and materials such as but not limited to: Metals and alloys, semiconductors, superconductors, polymers, ceramics, crystal, amorphous and cluster-like states. Condensed Matter Physics is interdisciplinary and intertwined with inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, electrical and mechanical. It tries to connect the properties of the nuclei and electrons to the macroscopically observed quantities. As in other fields of study, advancement in condensed matter resulted from impro...
American Chemical Society. "Carbon nanotubes twice as strong as once thought." ScienceDaily, 16 Sep. 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.