In this 21st century, access to basic sanitation remains as a challenge to leaders despite advancement in modern science and technology. It cannot be denied that many people living in certain regions of the world still practice open defecation. Around 2.5 billion people in the world are still without access to improved sanitation and 75% of these people are living in rural area4. Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Report 2012 points out that the two thirds of people practicing open defecation are living in Southern Asia. The report also indicates that 45% of the population living in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have access to basic sanitation.
It is essential to understand the term basic sanitation first. In this context, basic sanitation can be defined as improved sanitation and the examples include flush toilet, composting toilet or ventilated improved pit latrine4. Access to basic sanitation determines the qualities of health of communities and affects child survival. Besides, non-hygienic management of human excreta may pollute river and other water sources which will threaten ecological balance.
It is estimated that 10% of the global diseases can be avoided if safe drinking water and good sanitation is provided.3 Global sanitation problem also marks the occurrence of poverty in terms of material deprivation. Furthermore, gender inequalities also exist where women need travel long distances to get water for their families.2 Therefore, development of better sanitation facilities can reduce their time on this non-productive work and improves the security and health of women.
In view of the contribution of sanitation, United Nation has included sanitation into Millennium Development Goal (MDG), which is to ‘halve by 2015 the prop...
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26. WADA (2010). Indonesia: The Community ‘Love Water; Program. [Online] Available at http://getf.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Indonesia-4-20-10.pdf [Accessed 13/04/12].
27. Ciulla, J.B. (2005). The state of leadership ethics and the work that lies before us. Business Ethics: A European Review [Online]. Available at http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/LeadershipEthics/CuillaBEER06.pdf [Accessed 20/04/12].
28. UN News Centre. Available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=38783&Cr=sanitation&Cr1 [Accessed 20/04/12].
29. ADB (2009). India Sanitation for All: How to Make It Happen. Asian Development Bank, pp 12-4.[Online]. Avaolable at http://cis.uchicago.edu/outreach/summerinstitute/2010/documents/sti2010-tata-indias-sanitation-for-all.pdf [Accessed 15/04/12].
...ch have too much heat and too little water (xxxi). A simple distiller that consists of a steel and glass pot can transform salt water into fresh, drinkable water (xxxii). It is stated that a distiller can create 8-11 liters of water per day (xxxii). Since the first 1,000 day window of the life of a human being is most important in determining their growth, mothers should be given free therapeutic foods prior labor in order to be able to breastfeed their children. With the help of NGOs and local volunteers, accessible toilets should be constructed. There are countless programs that seek to make developing countries more sustainable and healthier; these include Action Against Hunger, Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, and The Water Project. The rivers of the nation should be kept as clean as possible and regulated so that toxic waste is not dumped into them.
...-income countries. The overall mean score reflected intermediate level of progress. Most facilities were at intermediate or advanced levels showing a 65% of progress. Hand hygiene compliance was measured through direct observation in 59% of facilities and alcohol-based hand rub consumption was regularly monitored in 53%. Posters featuring hand hygiene indications and technique were displayed in the vast majority of facilities.
Wohl, Anthony S. "Sanitation and Disease in Rich and Poor." Sanitation and Disease in Rich and Poor. 1989. Web. 02 Mar. 2014.
Measures to expand and improve public delivery systems of drinking water, contributing to a reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with enteric diseases, because these diseases are associated directly or indirectly with providing substandard water or poor provision water. Currently, 1,400 million people lack access to safe drinking water and nearly 4,000 billion lack adequate sanitation. According to estimates by the World Health Organization (WHO), 80% of diseases are transmitted through contaminated water.
Seeing the look on that young man’s face had been just enough to want to explore more into this topic of sanitation. What makes sanitation so complex is that in order to have a proper sewage system, it would take billions of dollars to achieve full water borne in all countries. Also being able to keep up with the growth of urban areas would have to be a full blown investment. According to Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor, sanitation progress has only increased 5% since 1990. Not to mention that 1 in 4 city residents worldwide live without improved sanitation which is about 2.5 billion people (WSUP, 2016). This means that more people in the world lack sanitation that the people who actually do have proper sanitation. Just sitting here pondering that is absolutely mind-blowing to me, that in 2016 many parts of the world are still struggling to achieve sanitation and clean
Townsend (1987, p. 125) defined relative deprivation “as a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage, relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs.” The study has used relative deprivation focusing on an area-based deprivation in relation to inequities in clean water supply and basic sanitation and social outcomes. The study provides a critique of Townsend’s concept of relative deprivation and area-based deprivation through critical, structural analysis and suggested alternatives to give social justice a better chance.
There is nearly 1 billion people who do not have access to clean drinking water (Jones, MM 11/9/2016). Low income families are not likely to have access to water within the immediate area, so women and children are forced to travel long distances in order to gather water that is not clean at all (11/9/2016). Not only is the travel dangerous, but it takes away time from children to be getting an education (11/9/2016). Some possible adverse health effects from drinking contaminated water include diarrhea, dehydration, and even death (11/9/2016). Infants are much more sensitive to the bacteria in the water given their undeveloped immune system, which is why water related illnesses is one of the leading causes of deaths for infants without clean drinking water (11/9/2016). There are interventions being undergone to help improve access to safe drinking water. For example, wells are being installed closer to people’s homes to avoid the long and treacherous walk to an already contaminated water supply (11/9/2016). Not needing to travel for hours every day allows children and women the time to get educated (11/9/2016). Another, more expensive intervention, is a water filtration system (11/9/2016). The government of each country should invest money towards these interventions as an investment towards improving the quality of life, creating a more educated society, and reducing medical costs
Sanitation isn’t only personal hygiene it’s also keeping the environment clean also and rules that the culinary business has to keep food safe. For example cross contamination is when one food has bacteria form because of their food items, if you were to cut chicken on a cutting board and use the same board to cut lettuce that lettuce will have salmonella bacteria on it because the cutting board was not washed, which is caused from not having good sanitation skills. Sanitation is also related to time and temperature abuse which is when food gets bacteria from having been in the danger zone which is a zone when bacteria grows the best a zone between 41 and 135 degrees. Washing hands must be done in a designated hand washing sink for at least 20 seconds, hands must be washed after handling raw meat and gloves must be worn when handling ready-to-eat food which is self explanatory and gloves must be changed after use for after 4 hours of wearing the same
As mentioned cholera is seen in developing countries, it is especially rampant in Sub-Sahara Africa and South East Asia. The main cause of Cholera having epidemic proportion in developing countries is due to unclean and infected water source. We can see Cholera running rampant in disaster and refugee setting where people are cramped in a small space and the unsanitary conditions. A study done by WHO in India has seen epidemic conditions of Cholera outbreaks. They mostly have a seasonal outbreaks, most of the cases are not reported and seem to be unregistered. Findings Of India's 35 states or union territories, 21 reported cholera cases during at least one year between 1997 and 2006. The state of West Bengal reported cases during all 10 years, while the state of Maharashtra and the union territory of Delhi reported cases during nine, and Orissa during seven. There were 68 outbreaks in 18 states, and 222 038 cases were detected overall. This figure is about six times higher than the number reported to WHO (37 783) over the same period. The states of Orissa, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam and Chhattisgarh accounted for 91% of all outbreak-related cases. India has problems with sewage management, food and water safety is not monitored.
Clean water is needed for good human and animal health, but as DoSomething.org states, over 1 billion people worldwide don’t have a means of getting clean drinking water, an...
Another problem for people of Africa is clear access to clean water. Clean drinking water is very rare for the people of Africa. Unclean water and sanitation problem leads to many diseases in African countries. Main problem which occurs due to unclean water is child morality. Around 2000 children’s die from diarrhoea which spread due to poor sanitatio...
Approximately 844 million people (one tenth of the population) in the world do not have access to clean and 2.3 billion do not have access to a decent toilet. This poor sanitation and contaminated water quality is the cause of death for over 289 000 children under the age of 5 every year.
While our population continues to grow, so does the amount of waste we produce. Due to the fact that there are so many humans, a majority of the waste we produce do not get disposed of properly and it eventually ends up contaminating the la...
„X Strengthen policies and institutional frameworks needed to improve sanitation, safe water supply and hygiene, and build government capacities for leadership and responsibility.
Some individuals don’t appreciate the advantage of having clean water available at all times. Habitants of developed countries who have easy access to clean drinkable water directly from a hose, tap water from the kitchen faucet or from bathrooms in their homes, usually don’t care or worry about saving it. Habitants of rural poor communities such as Sub-Saharan Africa, are living in a water stressed environment. Residents of these communities have to walk miles at a time just to gather water from streams and ponds, even though the water source may contain water-borne disease that can make them very sick. In the rural areas that don’t have access to safe, clean water, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of viruses.