Abstract: This paper focuses on modeling the errors which normally degrade the accuracy of Global Poisoning System (GPS). The performance of the GPS is mainly affected by ionospheric errors. SiRF Star III single frequency receiver is used for collecting and projecting datum in World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84) co-ordinate form. To project the ellipsoidal model onto a map model, datum conversion from WGS-84 to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) form is needed. The conversion introduces errors in the datum. The variation in the errors can be observed from day to night, area to area and also due to the seasonal changes. The datum is collected from Ameerpet region of Hyderabad, which is a heavily populated area with heavy traffic and tall buildings. The variation in the datum has been observed from afternoon to evening.
Keywords: GPS, WGS-84, UTM, Ionospheric errors, Northings and Eastings
I. INTRODUCTION
The space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth with sub-meter accuracy is called Global Positioning System (GPS) [1]. It consists of a constellation of 28 satellites in six different orbits which give the information of the position of the user with sub meter accuracy [3]. If there are four or more GPS satellites in unobstructed line of sight with the receiver, accurate spatial co-ordinates can be obtained [2]. The datum obtained from the satellites, contain the information about the position and timing by calculating the the Keplerian orbit elements. The location information from GPS is based on the choice of coordinate system and datum [3]. The coordinate systems that are mostly used in GPS are Wor...
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...ned due to the rounding up of the values in the algorithm.
Works Cited
[1] Bradford w. Parkinson. “Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications – vol. I and II”, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Washington, 1996.
[2] http://edu-observatory.org/gps/gps_accuracy.html, visited on 1/12/10.
[3] http://www. elsevierdirect.com/companions/ 9780126836301/ appendices/ Chapter_2_ECI_ Cartesian_Coordinates_to_Kepler_Orbit_Elements_Conversion.pdf
[4] http://www.squidoo.com/GPS-coordinate-systems-datums
[5] Iyiade Adeniyi, “Ionospheric Error in GPS Applications” (www.ursi.org/proceedings /procGA05/pdf/GP1. 46(01062).pdf), visited on 30/10/10.
[6] Ordnance Survey, “A Guide to Coordinate System in Great Britain”, (http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/gps/docs/A_Guide_to_Coordinate_Systems_in_Great_Britain.pdf), visited on05/01/11.
Poisoning was a big problem in the 1920s of America. “The Poisoner's Handbook” tells a fascinating tale about the early men of toxicology, Charles Norris and Alexander Gettler, in criminal investigations and public health. Produced and directed by Rob Rapley, the film, "The Poisoner's Handbook," shows many poisoning stories together which tells a mix of mysterious and heartbreaking deaths. This is evident that humans will use accessible items, including everyday household products, to kill each other. The film integrates the birth of forensic science with the rise of big businesses and local politics. Many murderers roamed free until enough political will was assembled to implement a new medical examiner system in the 1920s.
The information system that will be evaluated in this paper is from Malaysia. This information system is used by one of the government department in Malaysia. The government department involved is Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia or in Malay Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan Malaysia (JUPEM). JUPEM started in 1885 and actually one of the earliest departments in Malaysia where it main purpose is to perform survey and mapping activities within Malaysia and also country international boundaries. The vision of establishment of JUPEM is to make JUPEM an important organization that provide survey and mapping services outstandingly and together with geospatial data management to accomplish the nation’s vision.
The paper outlines the use of GIS in road transportation including how the system has evolved over time in the transportation sector. GIS applications require specialized expertise to ensure an accurate collection, analysis, and relay of road network data. It is important to note that GIS systems can be applied in a variety of places within the road network. However, only three places are discussed in the paper: traffic density, vehicle emissions, and road capacity. GIS technology helps in the collection and dispersion of the necessary traffic information to optimize road usage.
Ruiz, J. L., & Frey, C. H. (nd). Geosynchronous Satellite Use of GPS. Retrieved from http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue9/pdf/geosynchronous.pdf
Geographical information system (or GIS) is a type of information system used for collecting data to analyze and to generate maps. In a sense, data is collected from different regions to be placed on a map to study and learn the results. This data can be a tax assessor's office that produces land use map for appraisers and planners to another part of the spectrum, where a wastewater department decides the most important areas of repair of the water system after a natural disaster. Different types of businesses from marketing to the police department will use GIS to track different information but perhaps in the same map.
These systems play very significant roles in organizations (Baker, & Cai, 1992). The technology brings together geographical features and tabulates data with an aim of mapping, analyzing and assessing various problem on the earth’s surface. Since geography is the most important component of geographical information system, some portions of the relevant data are spatial. It involves referencing data according to its position on the earth. This system operates at different levels. On its basic levels, the system is used as a computer cartography for straightforward mapping. At this level, it uses statistical and spatial methods to analyze and attribute information. This results in interpolated information, derivative information and/or prioritized information. Although geospatial engineering is often used to mean geographical information systems, it is important to note that geospatial engineering is broader term compared to GIS. Geospatial refer to the use of all the technologies of geographic data (Goodchild, 2007). This means that some applications may fall under the geospatial field even though they
In a simplest way ‘The Global Positioning System (GPS)’ is a satellite-based navigation system that consists of 24 orbiting satellites. This satellite transmits an amount of information in string format (e.g.: latitude, longitude, altitude, time etc.) which we are going to cover further. If any want a detailed description about GPS, just search on web or visit a technical tutorial website, you will get plenty of information.
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 99 per cent of the fatal poisoning cases occur in developing countries, predominantly among the farmers due to various kinds of poisoning, including poisonous toxins from natural products during handling [8 ,11 ,12]. Therefore, early diagnosis, treatment and prevention are crucial in reducing the burden of poisoning related injury in any country. Very few studies have been done in North India regarding the epidemiology of poisoning as compared to South India. So, this study has been aimed to determine the various parameters of poisoning.
It is important to realize that each type of GPS will be updated in a different way, and so you need to choose which process is better for you.
The NASA website tells you the specific time of day when you can locate the ISS from all over the world, ...
In the early 1960s, the geographer Roger Tomlinson, the “father of GIS”, first coined the term “geographic information system” [4]. At that time, GIS was regard as tools, techniques to handle the geo-data. Then, some scientists proposed that GIS should be a subdiscipline of geography or computer science. In their
In conclusion global communication satellites have more of an effect on society that can possibly be understood. Numerous studies have gone out to grasp how dependent we have become on the artificial satellite orbiting the earth, which connects society to people around the country as well as the world. As any other object they also have their limitations, which, hopefully with further research, will also be overcome.
The organization that needs GIS has been computerized for some time now. Tactical applications, such as CAD, and mobile data computers have revolutionized how emergency calls are received by a dispatch center and how incidents are responded to by personnel in the field. In addition, many agencies also use an RMS to warehouse data acquired from CAD and/or mobile solutions. The RMS is the master repository for a large portion of the public safety data or emergence call tracing and dispatch or emergence disaster management.
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