Biotechnology can be defined as a “collection of tools for modifying tree physiology and genetics to aid breeding, propagation and research” (Burdon and Libby 2006). These tools include the use of tissue culture, genetic engineering (genetic modification) and the use of genetic markers for marker assisted breeding (Harry and Strauss 2010).
Tissue culture is the process of growing plants in a cultured medium under controlled conditions from small plant parts. The plants produced in this manner are then transferred to the greenhouse and then grow. The advantages of tissue culture are:
• This technology produces exact copies of the organism that contains the desirable trait.
• Plants will reach maturity at a faster rate.
• Tissue culture allows for the growth of a plant without the use of seeds or pollination.
• Plants are grown under controlled and sterile conditions which reduce the risk of being exposed to pests, pathogens and diseases.
• Tissue culture allows for the clonal propagation of plant (production of multiple copies of the same genotype).
Marker assisted breeding (or marker aided selection) refers to the study of the trees’ genetic fingerprint (DNA) or more specifically the genetic variability of a species (variation in the DNA). Trees containing characteristics of interest, such as fast growth rate and disease resistance, can be selected using specific gene markers. Gene markers can be a single nucleotide insertion or deletion in the DNA that can be associated with the trait of interest. Using this information, tree breeders can predict the performance of trees and make early selections for turning over tree generations. They can also select the best parents to cross in order to produce good offspring.
Genetic modi...
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...y labile linkages into the lignin backbone. Science 344: 90-93.
Zobel BZ and Talbert JT. 1984. Applied Forest Tree Improvement. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Far from the light of day, and somewhere near Hampstead. (n.d.). Retrieved from Polypompholyx: http://www.polypompholyx.com/2012/09/far-from-the-light-of-day/
Matus M. (9, April 2012). Super-Durable Material Made from Wood Waste is Stronger, Cheaper, and Lighter Than Kevlar. Retrieved May 27, 2014, from Inhabitat: http://inhabitat.com/super-durable-material-made-from-wood-waste-is-stronger-cheaper-and-lighter-than-kevlar/
Plant tissue culture. (2014, April 29). Retrieved May 29, 2014, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture
What is genetic modification (GM)? (2011, October 14). Retrieved May 29, 2014, from CSIRO: http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food-and-Agriculture/WhatIsGM.aspx
Technological advances are increasing each year, and electronics are not the only things being upgraded. Food eaten in the United States has also been touched by science in the form of GMOs. Although GMOs have been in the US food industry for almost twenty years, consumers should have the right to know what is in our food with mandatory GMO labeling. The word GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism and can also be referred to as Genetically Engineered Foods, Genetically Modified Foods, and Biotech. Genetically engineered foods are created when one desired trait is isolated and introduced to another plant by inserting the certain gene.
It is five times stronger, yet the same weight as steel. Kevlar Aramid fiber is an improved material, which is an extremely lightweight, man-made organic fiber. Kevlar fiber has a combination of properties, which have made Kevlar a very useful material. These include, high strength, low weight, high chemical resistance and high cut resistance. This material does not corrode or rust and is also unaffected when placed in or under water.
Have you ever asked yourself what is a genetically modified organism (GMO)? In this paper I am going to tell you about GMOs. GMO is any food or animal that has been genetically modified. There is too much GMO in our food. We could cut down on how much food has GM.
A GMO is a plant or animal that has been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses, or other plants and animals. Most of the combinations which are used could not possibly occur in nature on its own. The intention of the process is to create a new beneficial trait such as creating its own pesticide or make it immune to herbicides. This would allow the crop such as Bt co...
Connealy, Leigh. “GMOs: The Pros & Cons of Genetically Modified Food – Newport Natural Health.” Newport Natural Health GMOs the Pros Cons of Genetically Modified Food Comments. N.p. 17 Nov. 2014. Web. 17 Oct. 2016.
...ince, there is a need to use for advanced novel methods of culturing plant to furnish new means for quickly propagating,conserving of endangered species and also introducing exotic plants. The production of high quality planting material of exotic nature propagated from vegetative parts through tissue culture has created new opportunities in global trading. The exotic plants are advantageous for farmers;growers; nursery owners & rural employment. As exotic plants are restricted to their natural environment; the main benefit of tissue culture technology lies on production of high quality & uniform planting material that can be multiplied on a year round basis. The plant selected for such purpose is Stevia rabuadiana Bertoni. Objectives of study:
Woolsey, G. (2012, September 13). GMO Timeline: A History of Genetically Modified Foods. Rosebud Magazine Hydroponics Lifestyle Growing And Entertainment! Retrieved November 26, 2013, from http://www.rosebudmag.com/truth-squad/gmo-timeline-a-history-of-genetically-modified-foods
own roots (not just the plant kind), this meant they needed a structure that was different than
In the lab exercise regarding plant structure and function, we examined slides containing the different kinds of roots (monocot, dicot). We labeled the parts and pointed out the different roles of each in the plant structure. Also, we examined monocot stems and dicot stems in order to familiarize ourselves with its external and internal structures. We sketched and labeled the parts of the stem and looked closely at the positions of each part. In the last part of the lab, we classified leaves into different kinds according to their leaf venation, bases of leaves, and apices of leaves. As an additional exercise, we sketched 20 animals and classified them according to phylum and class. We were also able to discover the scientific and common names of the animals. Overall, the exercises we did enabled us to familiarize ourselves with plant structure thus, gaining a better understanding for plant life and its importance.
Keeping the above described scenario in view, this study will be carried out to establish such protocol for genetically uniform in vitro mass propagation of plantlets from apical meristem of different sugarcane genotypes, which will ultimately reduce the final cost and time of generated plantlets.
The cost of medium preparation can account for 30-35% of the micro propagated plant production. Therefore, low cost alternatives are necessary to reduce cost of production of tissue-cultured plants. The gelling agents such as agar contribute to 70% of total cost for the media. Howeverother components which are used for the tissue culture have minimum influence on the cost of production. Agar is most commonly used gelling agent for media preparation of solid and semisolid media. It contributes to the matrix potential, the humidity andaffects the availability of water and dissolved substances in the culture containers. Research findings show that sago, semolina, corn flour, laundry starch, rice powder, potato powder can be used as alternative for agar.
(4) Cut small pieces of callus (0.5 gm) fresh weight and subculture on the same fresh medium for proliferation.
Cloning is asexual reproduction. Cuttings are taken from a mother plant in vegatative growth, and rooted in hydroponic medium to be grown as a separate plant. The offspring will be plants that are identical to the parent plant.
U.S. Department of Energy Genome Projects. (2008). Genetically modified foods and organisms. Retrieved from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml