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The effects of industrialization on the environment
Essay on application of genetic engineering in the field of agriculture
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In our modern society, humans are constantly trying to find ways to improve. One of the improvements made recently is genetic engineering. Genetic Engineering is the deliberate manipulation of an organism’s genome, with an intention to change its genetic makeup. Genetic engineering can be used to alter the genes of plants, animals, bacteria and even humans. Scientists can apply genetic engineering in a multitude of fields, like agriculture, healthcare, and various commercial fields. DNA used in genetic engineering can be obtained by copying genetic material from an organism from genetic cloning, of DNA can be artificially synthesized. Gene segments are inserted into an organism’s DNA by replacing a gene with another, named “knockin”. Genes
Genetic engineering can be used to increase yield, prevent diseases and pests, and improve crop quality. Most applications for genetic engineering into the agriculture field involves modifying the crops to increase yield. For example, DroughtGard®, a hydroefficiency trait from the Bacillus subtilus bacterium, reduces the impact of “drought stress” in corn. Not only does this product allow crops to grow in dryer environments, ‘Genuity’, the company responsible for the DroughtGard® trait, claims that using their hybrid corn increases yield, giving the customer a five bushel-per-acre advantage over a leading competitor. Farmers can also purchase seeds of GM crops that produce the proteins to repel pests, or result in the death of pests. Using these seeds instead of organic seeds cuts the need to use pesticides, reducing costs, and work required, greatly increasing profits. For example, Bt Corn is a type of genetically modified maize, that produces δ-endotoxins originally from Bacillus thuringiensis, its donor bacteria. These endotoxins act as an insect repellant, preventing the corn from being eaten by insects. In places where resources to control pests and weeds are scarce, plants with these genetic modifications can massively increase yield. For example, after India started growing insect-resistant cotton, average yield increased more than 50%. Genetic engineering can also increase
For example, genetic engineering can be used to produce fibres for multiple uses, neutralize hazardous chemicals, reducing the need for fossil fuels. Genetic engineering can be used to produce new types of textile fibres. Producers can insert genes into bacteria, and make amino acids. These amino acids are then woven together to make fibers. Another way of making genetically engineered fibres is to express other proteins into keratin fibres, using transgenesis, the act of introducing a gene into a living organism, so its offspring inherits its trait. Genetic engineering can also be used to convert waste into useful materials. In the early 90s, a bacterium was genetically engineered to accelerate the breakdown of oil, as well as many synthetic materials like plastics and pesticides. Pseudomonas putida, the first patented organism in the world, is a genetically engineered bacterium that can bio-degrade oil, as it uses hydrocarbons for fuel. This species of bacteria can be released into oil spills; the bacteria will then quickly digest the oil. Similar bacteria were used in the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil disaster, bacteria was released into the gulf to digest and contain the oil. However, the bacteria by itself struggled to digest the heavy oils, so genetically modified Alcanivorax borkumensis was added to the waters to accelerate the digestion process. It may also be possible to genetically
One of the most prominent crops in the GMO industry is Bt corn. The Bt pesticide stands for Bacillus Thuringiensis. Scientists transferred the Bt gene into the corn to create a crop that produces its own pesticides. As the corn matures, it grows stronger poi...
Genetic engineering is now being used to create new medicines and therapies for many disorders and diseases, and also to improve agricultural plants and animals to produce bigger yields or enhanced nutrient composition and food quality. In Gene therapy, copies of healthy human genes produced in bacteria can be inserted into human cells with defective or missing genes, to fix the problem. Gene therapy is promising because it can use to treat genetic
Genetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy.
A GMO is a plant or animal that has been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses, or other plants and animals. Most of the combinations which are used could not possibly occur in nature on its own. The intention of the process is to create a new beneficial trait such as creating its own pesticide or make it immune to herbicides. This would allow the crop such as Bt co...
Shortly after the groundbreaking discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, the scientific world was essentially given the ability to alter the genetic sequence of any living organism using a process known as 'genetic engineering'. By definition, genetic engineering is 'the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material', it is quite simply an unnatural process which defies the ordinary course of nature. As of yet, no devastating or permanent damage has been done. However, the unpredictable nature and unknown consequences genetic engineering holds is more than enough reason to be cautious, as one mistake could have irreversible and catastrophic effects.
One’s behavior, health, disorder, and characteristics, all depend on he’s genetic code. Genetic engineering, also known has genetic modification, can have various methods, but commonly consists of alternating the DNA in an organism’s genome (Winter). Several instances of alternating the DNA in an organism comprises of changing one base pair of the organism’s DNA, removing a region of the DNA, and gene cloning (Winter). Scientist use genetic engineering to enhance and modify the characteristics of an organism (Knapton). For example, aside from the experimental purposes, the cross between Bison and beef combined each of their best quality to make one enhanced outcome. Due to the cross, the Beefalo has increased efficiency and taste, meaning they can input costs and improve profits. Other examples of genetic engineering include GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Genetic engineering, although used on animals and food for decades, only recently surfaced with concrete evidence towards working on human DNA. This groundbreaking knowledge can provide new medical advances, completely altering the emblematic
Genes are, basically, the blueprints of our body which are passed down from generation to generation. Through the exploration of these inherited materials, scientists have ventured into the recent, and rather controversial, field of genetic engineering. It is described as the "artificial modification of the genetic code of a living organism", and involves the "manipulation and alteration of inborn characteristics" by humans (Lanza). Like many other issues, genetic engineering has sparked a heated debate. Some people believe that it has the potential to become the new "miracle tool" of medicine. To others, this new technology borders on the realm of immorality, and is an omen of the danger to come, and are firmly convinced that this human intervention into nature is unethical, and will bring about the destruction of mankind (Lanza).
Genetic engineering, sometimes called genetic modification, is the process to alter the structure and nature of genes in humans, plants, and animals (what is genetic engineering). Because DNA is a code that is universal, genes can be manipulated
The term ‘genetic engineering’ covers several methods of manipulating genetic material, otherwise known as genetic manipulation; recombinant DNA technology and gene therapy in humans (Atkinson, 1998). This technique is not only used for genetic transfer between plants but, genes from non-plant organisms can be used as well. A known example of this is the transfer of the B.t gene found in corn and other crops. The B.t gene, or otherwise known as ‘Bacillus thurngiensis (Bt)’; is a naturally occurring bacterium that creates proteins with crystals that are fatal to insect larvae (Whitman, 2000). These B.t genes have been transferred into the corn, allowing the corn to effectively produce its own pesticides against insects.
If crops were affected by droughts, disease and insects, having destroyed many acres across America’s Midwest region, the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) would not be beneficial in regenerating new crops. Genetically modifying foods (GMOs) “are plants or animals that have been genetically engineered with DNA from bacteria, viruses or other plants and animals that cannot occur in nature or in traditional crossbreeding” (nongmoproject.org). Most research done has concluded no positive benefits in using GMOs. There are serious health risks associated with eating GM foods based on scientific research done around the world. The purpose of GMOs are to increase production of crop yield and reduce pesticide use but research says otherwise. If farmers wanted to continue using GMOs to produce crops, labeling should be mandatory to allow consumers to have a conscious choice whether or not to eat GM food. Through research it has been proven that the use of GMOs to increased production of crops during a time of drought or disease have no benefits, just risks.
Genetic Engineering is the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic information (Lee 1). The outcome scientists refer to as successful entitles the living thing’s ability to produce new substances or perform new functions (Lee 1). In the early 1970’s, direct manipulation of the genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) became possible and led to the rapid advancement of modern biotechnology (Lee 1).
According to scientists, genetically engineering crops contributes to their quality. Crops that have been genetically modified to have a particular trait can decrease the amount of herbicides needed for growing that crop. Additionally, genetically modified (GM) crops can help third world countries, where malnutrition is common. For example, to help diminish nutrient deficiencies in developing countries, “plans were underway to develop a golden rice that also has increased iron content”(Whitman 2). In addition, GM crops can be modified to be able to “withstand the environmental challenges of drought, disease, and insect infestation” (Swenson 1). Growing GM crops can also result in fruits and vegetables that stay fresh for a prolonged period of time and taste better.
The current use of technology for GMOs is very useful. Less pesticide is needed to be used for insect pest resistant plants. Technology cuts down on the time it takes to grow a crop. Technology can produce more food for less work and less money. “GM crops are frequently perceived as a ‘technological fix’, proposed by those who fail to address the underlying causes of hunger and poverty, which really require economic, political and social change” (Nuffield Bioethics 29).
Genetic engineering increases the agricultural economy, the yields of agricultural produce, and also causes negative effects on the ecosystem. Genetic engineering enhances plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. The aim is to try and enhance the growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition of the plants. Chemicals are constantly being developed or improved to enhance the competitiveness and adaptability of crops, and to kill the parasites and weeds that plague the agricultural sector. . This however is not always good as the plant and the pests then become resistant to these new chemicals, defeating the purpose of it being used.
To start with , genetic engineering is another term used for genetic manipulation which is a process consisting the addition of new DNA to an organism. The whole purpose of this process is to add new traits that are not already available in the organism. Genetic engineering is often mistaken with breeding which is technique that is mostly used with animals in order to create faster or stronger offspring. Genetic engineering is however different from breeding because it uses much less natural techniques that are usually performed in the lab. The big difference though in terms of genetics , is that genetic engineering allows gene modification that are not close to a certain species. For example , we can mix the DNA of a vegetable with the DNA of an animal in manipulation which is impossible by breeding. The basic idea of genetic manipulation is to isolate a certain cell’s DNA and to mix it with the DNA victor to create a whole new cell with new characteristics. The problem though behind all that, is that its really hard to predict what the results are going to be.