Gendered spaces are not static locations found within a neutral social environment. As they exist within a patriarchal regime, these spaces have been structured to keep minority genders distanced from venues where knowledge is constructed and disseminated, and therefore power is kept (Spain 1994) or to prioritize minority genders through the “productive exclusions” of others (Brown 2010). Because of their constant usage, long- standing histories, and socially approved values, these sites carry the symbiotic capacity to not only be gendered by their users but in turn carry the potential to gender those who utilize them. In a society comfortable with a binary construction of sex and gender, it may be considered folkway “common sense” that those who access sites designated for women are females who have possessed vaginas since birth and those who enter sites for men have likewise been born with penises and so been designated male. Because it so visibly disrupts the essentialist sex/gender linkage, the transgender experience has called into question the meaning of unfettered access into gendered spaces. This has led to challenges at the threshold of such sites as to what constitutes “true” gender identities, who may be authorized to authenticate or invalidate them in the public or quasi-public sphere and how the process of substantiation takes place. As such, the entrance of gendered places becomes sites of gender verification where access can infer public gender-identity approval.
From the interviews of women who organize/create and monitor women-only and women centered spaces, this research has found at least two seemingly contrasting gender-based admission policies employed at the borders of gendered spaces. The first – essentiali...
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...e never used a ‘woman-only’ space (expect a bathroom/locker-room) because I do not agree with them.” Here even cisgendered men are allowed entry, although the space still prioritizes the gender of women and the self-identification of the individual.
Finally, this study suggests that in the period of early gender socialization experienced by organizers and monitors of women-only spaces, the influence of cultural, race and class elements may play a vital role. The lack of racial and class diversity in this study is suggestive that Whiteness as a racial and class identifier, and therefore a power placeholder, occupies positions of power at the threshold of certain gendered spaces. How that might factor into the decision to admit certain women and exclude others was beyond the scope of this investigation yet is important enough to warrants additional examination.
Sex Segregation in the Work Place In the article “Sex Segregation at Work: Persistence and Change” by Anastasia Prokos explores ideas around the challenges and reasons of sex segregation in the work place. She argues that even though the United States has made several steps in the right direction throughout our history, there is still “… women and men in the contemporary United States continue to be concentrated in different occupations, jobs, and industries” (Prokos 564). She is presenting this as a social problem that leads to stereotypes, discrimination, and unequal pay.
Gender Matters is a collection of various essays on feminist linguistic texts analysis, by Sara Mills. Mills develops methods of analyzing literary and non-literary texts, in addition to conversational analysis based on a feminist approach. The author draws on data from her collection of essays gathered over the last two decades on feminism during the 1990s. The essays focus on gender issues, the representation of gender in reading, writing, and in public speaking. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of feminists’ analysis of sexism in literature and the relation between gender and politeness. The article is informative for my research paper, as my topic is going to cover language analysis of the text and who women reading and writing differs according to the discourse analysis within linguistic, psychology, case studies audiences and surveys. The book would be helpful, particularly the last three essays that discusses gender, public speaking, the question of politeness and impoliteness in public speaking. Mills’ analysis is not complete without including the idea of global notions of both women and men, to see whether women and men write and read in the same way globally. Therefore, an update would enrich the book’s discussion section. Although, Mills addresses the class and race theme in language and public speaking, I will only look into the role of language that plays a part in doing or reducing gender in literary, non-literary texts and in conversation.
African American women are considered the most disadvantaged group vulnerable to discrimination and harassment. Researchers have concluded that their racial and gender classification may explain their vulnerable position within society, despite the strides these women have made in education, employment, and progressing their families and communities (Chavous et al. 2004; Childs 2005; Hunter 1998; Settles 2006; Wilkins 2012). Most people agree that race and gender categories are explained as the biological differences between individuals in our society; however sociologists understand that race and gender categories are social constructions that are maintained on micro and macro levels. Historically, those in power who control the means of production within a society have imposed race, class, and gender meanings onto the minority population in order to maintain their dominant position and justify the unequal treatment of minority individuals by the divisions of race, class, and gender categories (Collins 2004; Nguyen & Anthony 2014; Settles 2006;).
My original concepts of feminism were that it was a theory that denounced men and elevated women beyond a fair or equitable place in society. I recognize now the stereotyping that I inadvertently allowed myself to feel. "Equating feminist struggle with living in a counter-cultural, woman-centered world erected barriers that closed...
Segregated coffee stations, bathrooms, libraries, underestimated by men and so on.
There is so much controversy in the society that we live in, it has resulted in an absolute mess. Certain topics as in gender or men and women’s bodies, is so controversial to the point that it has caused a misrepresentation of both men and women. Both Jean Kilbourne and Allan G. Johnson form their own opinions in their articles “Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt” and “Why Do We Make So Much of Gender” that comment on society as a whole, while expanding on the concept of why gender is so important for a fully functioning society. Although, both Kilbourne and Johnson have differentiating opinions to gender, they both come to the conclusion that gender is a key factor to explain our society and the social change in it. We live in a society where
Gender neutral washroom has been increasing constructed in Fredericton especially in school and campus. It is a good phenomenon to show the protection and supporting for LGBTQ group by society, however, the fact shows that there are some distances to achieve the equality for LGBTQ people in Canada at present. A student claimed that he was harassed in female washroom in her first year in UNB, there was a drunk guy outside the female washroom and though the interviewer was a boy going to female washroom according to her appearance. The interviewer said the guy was yelling at her and going to attack her. Fortunately, her friend was coming with her and helped her to solve the problem.
In this article, Shaw and Lee describe how the action of labels on being “feminine” or “masculine” affect society. Shaw and Lee describe how gender is, “the social organization of sexual difference” (124). In biology gender is what sex a person is and in culture gender is how a person should act and portray themselves. They mention how gender is what we were taught to do in our daily lives from a young age so that it can become natural(Shaw, Lee 126). They speak on the process of gender socialization that teaches us how to act and think in accordance to what sex a person is. Shaw and Lee state that many people identify themselves as being transgendered, which involves a person, “resisting the social construction of gender into two distinct, categories, masculinity and femininity and working to break down these constraining and polarized categories” ( 129). They write about how in mainstream America masculinity and femininity are described with the masculine trait being the more dominant of the two. They define how this contributes to putting a higher value of one gender over the other gender called gender ranking (Shaw, Lee 137). They also speak about how in order for femininity to be viewed that other systems of inequality also need to be looked at first(Shaw,Lee 139).
West, Candace, and Sarah Fenstermaker. Doing Gender, Doing Difference: Social Inequality, Power and Resistance. New York; London: Routledge, 2002.
Some schools, such as Harvard University and Washington University in St. Louis, provide gender-neutral housing under special conditions such as location and a student’s class year (Koma, 2014). This decision isolates LGBTQ students from the rest of their peers based on gender identity. Furthermore, several colleges are beginning to discuss about gender-neutral housing because people who favor the idea stressed that it was not about allowing couples to room with each other (Koma, 2014). As a result of these problems, most schools refrain from providing gender-neutral housing mainly because of religious and other public affiliations. Therefore, students and faculty members should promote gender-neutral housing in a positive sense through committees and active discussions about the topic of gender
The issue of gender neutral bathrooms and transgender bathrooms is a hot topic right now in North America. Some people are strongly for it and others are going to great lengths to stop it. The majority of public bathrooms in Canada and The United States of America are gender segregated. Public bathrooms are one of the last places to still be separated by gender. Men and women work with each other, sit next to each other in restaurants, use public pools together, and much more. A bathroom with a locked stall, or single occupancy washrooms with a lock, should not be much different. When the idea was raised by the LGBTQIA*+ community to have transgender bathrooms or gender neutral bathrooms, North America was divided. There were those with no
Social Construction of Gender Today’s society plays a very important role in the construction of gender. Gender is a type of issue that has raised many questions over the years in defining and debating if both male and female are equal. Today, gender is constructed in four different ways. The The first way gender is defined is by the family in which a child is raised.
In order to bring change, the myths of Gender have to be altered. Believing that the world consists of only two genders has been a cultural invention which does not accommodate the vast number of experiences humans are capable of living. According to the Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network in 2009, “86% of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender students experienced harassment at school; one in three skipped a day of school in the past month because they felt unsafe there” (Colombo 376). Their gender preference is not accommodated in society, and as a result, they are being discriminated, judged, mentally affected and not allowed expression of their social identity. There are many cultures that have three or more gender categories.
Introduction to Sociology, 3rd ed., Cambridge and Malden: Polity Press. Clifford, C. (2007) Are girls still marginalized? Discrimination and Gender Inequality in Today's Society! Foreign Policy Association. 27 May, available [accessed 30 November 2011].
Society has stamped an image into the minds of people of how the role of each gender should be played out. There are two recognized types of gender, a man and a woman, however there are many types of gender roles a man or a woman may assume or be placed into by society. The ideas of how one should act and behave are often times ascribed by their gender by society, but these ascribed statuses and roles are sometimes un-welcomed, and people will assume who they want to be as individuals by going against the stereotypes set forth by society. This paper will examine these roles in terms of how society sees men and women stereotypically, and how men and women view themselves and each other in terms of stereotypes that are typically ascribed, as well as their own opinions with a survey administered to ten individuals. What I hope to prove is that despite stereotypes playing a predominant role within our society, and thus influencing what people believe about each other in terms of their same and opposite genders, people within our society are able to go against these ascribed stereotypes and be who they want and it be okay. Through use of the survey and my own personal history dealing with gender stereotyping I think I can give a clear idea as to how stereotypes envelope our society, and how people and breaking free from those stereotypes to be more individualistic.