Locomotion is the ability to move from one place to another. We use locomotion every day without even thinking about what we are doing. For most of us, walking is the main method of locomotion, it requires balance and could even be described as controlled falling. Taking just one step uses 200 muscles throughout the entire body and walking uses all the joints and muscles of the lower limb. "It is characterized by an ‘inverted pendulum‘motion, the body vaults over the non-moving limb."(The Functional Anatomy of Walking – Positive Health Online.) When humans walk, it usually consists of a repeated gait cycle. The gait cycle contains two phases, a stance phase and a swing phase. The stance phase accounts for 60% of the gait cycle, and the swing …show more content…
This is the second stage, known as the support stage. The support stage also uses many different muscles, the quadriceps femoris, foot invertors and everters and the gluteus minimus, medius and tensor fascia lata. During the support stage, the quad is used to keep the leg extended and accept the weight of the body. The foot invertors and everters work together to stabilize the foot. There are two muscles that produce inversion, tibialis anterior, and tibialis posterior. The tibialis posterior comes from the back of the tibia, the back of the fibula, and from the interosseous membrane in between. Its tendon passes directly behind the medial malleolus, through a fibrous tunnel that’s covered by the flexor retinaculum. The tibialis anterior, which inserts so close to tibialis posterior that it has almost the same line of action, but plays a role in ankle dorsiflexor. The three muscles that are used to evert the ankle are the peroneus longus, brevis and tertius. The pernoneus brevis arises from the distal fibula, on top of it is peroneus longus. It comes from the proximal fibula. Its origin extend up into the head of the fibula. In front of peroneus brevis and longus, is peroneus terius. It comes from the fibula. The tendons pass under the extensor retinaculum, and in front of the lateral malleolus to insert on the base of the fifth metatarsal, next to …show more content…
The two stages in the swing phase are the leg-lift and the swing. The first stage of the swing phase is the leg lift. This phase is ready after the foot leaves the ground, and the lower limb is raised. Both the lliopsoas and rectus femoris are used in the first part of this phase. The rectus femoris is a muscle in the quads, and is the only muscle that can flex the hip. It is attached to the hip and helps to extend or raise the knee, and is also used to flex the thigh. The iliopsoas muscle is a muscle in the inner hip muscles. It is made of two muscles, the psoas major and iliacus muscle. The lliopsoas and rectus femoris work together to flex the lower limb at the hip, which drives the knee forward. Once again the hamstring muscles are used, and they flex the lower limb at the knee joint. The anterior compartment of the leg is also used during this phase. There are four muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg, they are the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius. They work together to dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint. The tibialis anterior muscle is found on the lateral surface of the tibia, and is the strongest dorsiflexor of the foot. It starts from the lateral surface of the tibia, attaches to the medial cuneiform and the base of metatarsal I. The extensor digitorum longus lies lateral and deep to the tibialis anterior. It begins at the lateral condyle
The gluteus maximus originates from both the ilium and the sacrum and inserts on the femur. The gluteus minimus abducts and rotates the thigh outward. The biceps femoris originates from the tuberosity of the ischium and is responsible for abducting the thigh and flexing the hindlimb or in humans the thigh/leg. The gastrognemius originates from the lateral sesamoid bone of the femur and extends the hindfoot in minks and the calves in humans (Scott).
Therapeutic stretches of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. If the ligament are weakened, cross fiber friction them to try to regain some of the integrity of the ankle back.
C. As the body of calcaneum progresses proximally and lateral, it causes the superolateral fragment to rotate medially and to impact into spongy calcaneous bone which sweeps out the sheared off lateral wall fragment and results in commounited fragments impinging into the peronal tendon space against fibula.
The musculoskeletal system offers support and stability for your body so we can properly function and move around. Different types of muscle within the muscular system include cardiac, skeletal, and smooth. The reason our bodies are capable of producing movement is because of the way our muscles contract. Our adult skeletal structure is made up of 206 bones that all differ in shapes and sizes. The composing parts that make up the system include the bones, joints, and muscles that all connect so we’re capable of moving. These components allow for our bodies to maintain a stable structure that can keep us upright. The axial skeleton refers to the skull, the vertebral column which supports the spinal cord, ribs, and sternum. It offers protections
The suspensory ligament is found down the back of the cannon bone that starts just below the knee or hock and splits into two parts that pass around the back of the ankle and end on the front of the long pastern bone. Acute front suspensory ligament injuries are most commonly found in eventers and jumpers due to the speed and the increasing load on the forelimbs from jumping and the chance of misstep.
After millions of years that humans separated from their relative primate how is that humans became bipedal. So many changes have happened to the human body to decide to stay on the ground and abandoned their lives in the trees. Primates evolved different body structures according to their lifestyle and the ecosystem in which they lived. As Charles Darwin natural selection stays; it could be as a result of new environments, the need for food and shelter, which forced humans to adapt and survive. Although, most of primates’ anatomy reflects habits of movement, it could be easy to see the external differences but there are many differences that have been intensely studied and researched.
Anderson, D. I., & Sidaway, B. (2013) Kicking biomechanics: Importance of balance. Lower Extremity Review Magazine.
Bipedalism is a form of locomotion that is on two feet and is the one factor that separates humans from other forms of hominoids. The first bipeds are believed to have lived in Africa between 5 and 8 million years ago. (Haviland et al. 2011, pg. 78). The evolution to bipedalism resulted in various anatomical changes. To be able to balance on two legs, the skull must be centered over the spinal column. As bipeds evolved, the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of skull for the spinal column, moved from the back of the skull to the center. The spinal column also evolved from a continuous curve to a spine with four concave and convex curves. (Haviland et al. 2011, pgs. 79, 80). Another change was the widening of the pelvis which gives a wider plateau for more balance when walking on two legs.
This skill involves jumping in the sagittal plane about the transverse axis. It consists of hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder joints. In the preparation phase in propulsion, the subject has flexed knees and hips which will need to be straightened by the strength of their corresponding joints such as the hinge joint at the knee joint. The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that bears the body weight and allows for jumping motion. During th...
The human muscular system, like any other system in the human body, is very complex. All the moving parts (anatomy), and how they work together to perform specific actions (physiology). There is so much that can be done to help the muscles in your body perform strenuous activities before fatigue, before your muscles run out of the fuel required to continue to perform movements. The biggest question most young adults want to know is, how do you get bigger muscles? Or, why do I cramp during workouts? All these and more can be answers through the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human muscular system.
The musculoskeletal system is comprised of bones, joints, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fascia and muscles. Together these body parts work to establish a framework that is the musculoskeletal system. This framework is what gives the body its shape, form, and figure. It stabilizes the body as well as supplies the structural support. The musculoskeletal body features not only provide a framework for your body but allows your ability to create movement. These movements are monitored by the musculoskeletal components which then determine your degree of flexibility. Overall the amount of energy your body uses comes almost entirely from these musculoskeletal functions. Which makes sense because it
The human foot is an incredibly complex part of the body, it is made up of twenty-six bones which is fully twenty-five percent of the bones in the entire body. The structure of the forefoot includes the five metatarsal bones and the phalanges. The metatarsal bones are for forward movement and provides attachment for several tendons. The phalanges, also known as the toes, movement take place in the joints. The foot movement only has two movements; inversion and eversion. All the joints in the hindfoot and midfoot contributes to these complex movements. The foot has two significant functions: weight bearing and impulsion, which both requires a high degree of stability. The foot must also be flexible so it is able to adapt to uneven surfaces. The various bones and joints of the foot are what allows the foot to be flexible. In order for the foot to be able to support any weight the various of bones must form an arch. The foot has three arches that are maintain by the shape of the bones and by the ligaments. The arches are supported by the muscles and tendons. A foot is a strong, flexible, and durable it allows us to daily activities as we please while carrying all the
Inman, Verne T., Henry J. Ralston, and Frank Todd. Human Walking. Williams & Wilkins. Baltimore, MD. 1981
Recorded videos were used to analyze the movement patterns of the runners. The participants were an elite (male) and a novice runner (female). The elite runner used a standard track field while the novice used a treadmill in a standard gym. The result showed that the elite runner had a longer stride than the non-expert due to his long legs. The novice runner required less force to move her body than the elite runner. The expert had longer stride resulting in longer step length which made him move faster than the novice. As the feet of both participants touched the ground the expert had a higher ground reaction force than the non-expert. The elite had a higher cadence than the non-elite because his legs moved faster. During stance phase, they both have one foot on the ground and as their foot first hit the ground they both slow down. However, the novice was slower because the elite had a faster speed making him spend less time in the
The purpose of the squat is to train the muscles around the knees and hip joints, as well as to develop strength in the lower back, for execution of basic skills required in many sporting events and activities of daily living. Because a strong and stable knee is extremely important to an athlete or patient’s success, an understanding of knee biomechanics while performing the squat is helpful to therapists, trainers, and athletes alike (11). Because most activities of daily living require the coordinated contraction of several muscle groups at once, and squatting (a multi-joint movement) is one of the few strength training exercises that is able to effectively recruit multiple muscle groups in a single movement, squats are considered one of the most functional and efficient weight-bearing exercises whether an individual’s goals are sport specific or are for an increased quality of life