The nuclear pore complex protein Nup 133 has the ability to function in multiple ways within the structures of living things, more specifically, humans, plants and yeast. Nup 133 is a nucleoporin of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) that played a role in nuclear pore complex biogenesis and the formation of the nuclear pore complex scaffold (Berke, 2004). Nup 133 facilitated the joining of the kinetochore protein and centromere protein F (CENPF) at the nuclear envelope during prophase, which created a centrosome-anchoring network (Rosenthal, 2011). Based on an experiment conducted by Lucy Pemberton, Michael Rout and Gunter Blobel, cells that were capable of carrying a copy of the Nup 133 protein, that had been physically disturbed, became sensitive to temperatures associated with growth and experienced clustering within the nuclear pore complexes, which is considered an abnormal condition (Pemberton, 1995). By disturbing the nuclear pore complex protein Nup 133, a decrease in growth defects appeared within the cells as the temperatures within its surroundings increased (Pemberton, 1995). When referring to the concept of nuclear pore clustering, Nup 133-, a product of the nuclear pore complex protein Nup133, produced large amounts of clustering on the nuclear envelope at limited sites (Doye, 1994).
According to an experiment conducted by Valerie Doye, Roger Wepf and Eduard Hurt, the protein nup 133- assembled poly (A) + RNA within the nucleus without interfering with the import of a karyophilic reporter protein (Doye, 1994). A mutated Nup 133p, a product of the NPC protein Nup133, gathered poly (A) + RNA or modified the distribution of nuclear pores, or contributed to both situations (Doye, 1994). Nup 133- cells grew at 18°C and displayed a normal export of poly (A) + RNA into the cytoplasm (Doye, 1994). However, the growth rate of Nup 133 stopped once temperatures reach 37°C (Doye, 1994). At 37°C, nup 133- cells experienced one or two cell divisions before the cell officially stopped growing all together (Doye, 1994). Wild-type Nup133 helped aid in protecting the temperature sensitivity of nup 133- cells (Doye, 1994).
According to an experiment conducted by Sanjay Vasu et al., when both Nup 160 and Nup 133 worked together as a system, they were able to contribute to the export of mRNA into the cytoplasm and interact with nuclear complex proteins Nup 98 and Nup 153 (Vasu, 2001). However, specific fragments of Nup 160 and Nup 133 played a role in preventing the process of mRNA export in the cells of mammals (Vasu, 2001).
A previous study, looked at by the researchers, stated that nuclear localization signals are what allow the RNA to enter the nucleus (Wu W, Pante N. 2009). This persuaded them to ask the question of whether or not there was a nuclear localization signal within a viral protein of HCRSV. The localization of P23 was then tested using a transient expression method. The results of their experiment showed that there was a strong signal detected in the nucleus of the Kenaf leaf samples. This proved that P23 was in fact localized in the nucleus and that a nuclear localization signal is present in P23 (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). It was also found that P23 has the ability to bind to carrier proteins that come into the nucleus. This showed that even if P23 was not localized in the nucleus, it could still enter. The mode of entry into the nucleus was discovered to by α-importin (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012) . This was discovered by experimenting with a probe of anti-importin α antibody. α-importin was only detected in the protein extract of P23 in the nucleus of the HCRSV-infected Kenaf sample (Gao R, Liu P, Wong SM. 2012). Researchers concluded from their results of the experiments that α-importin, P23, and HCRSV RNA form a complex that enters the nucleus to begin replication of the
The location of genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show major discrepancies because they have different levels of cell organization. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, they lack membrane bound organelles such the nucleus. Therefore, genomes of the prokaryotes reside as irregular Protein and deoxyribos nucleic acid (DNA) complex in cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm). This area of the cytoplasm is defined as the ‘nucleoid’ (Bauman.R 2004). Unlike Eukaryotes, it does not possess a nuclear envelope.
47- Smith AE, Kalderon D, Roberts BL, Colledge WH, Edge M, Gillett P, Markham A, Paucha E, Richardson WD. The nuclear location signal. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1985; 226(1242): 43-58.
Gene expression can be described as the conversion of information from genes into messenger RNA by way of transcription. Transcription happens in the nucleus, and is where RNA copies of DNA are produced. This process is facilitated by RNA polymerase, where one RNA nucleotide is added to an RNA strand. RNA polymerase is an enzyme used to produce transcripted RNA. It is responsible for constructing RNA chains, in the process previously described as transcription. RNA polymerase polymerizes the ribonucleotides and the 3’ end of RNA transcription. It is essential to life and found in all organisms. Also, it unwinds the DNA molecule, using it as a template, before synthesizing corresponding mRNA strands. mRNA, or messenger RNA, is part of a large group of RNA molecules that communicate information from DNA to ribosomes. mRNA contains adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine. Alternative to DNA which has thymine instead of uracil.
POLYSOME. "Analysis of ribosome loading onto mRNA species: implications for translational control." mRNA Formation and Function (1997): 305.
Pruitt, A. F. (2008). Heat induced reporter and therapeutic gene expression in cancer gene therapy. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Information and Learning Company.
Nuclear pores allow for molecules to be able to transport between the nucleus and the rest of the cell (Wiley, 2014). Inside the nucleus is the nucleoplasm. Nucleoplasm is a lot like the cytoplasm in cells in the sense that it is made of predominately water, proteins, RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). However, the difference between the two being that nucleoplasm contains materials that help prepare DNA and RNA (InnovateUs, Inc., 2013). The cell nucleus also contains chromatin, which is a factor of creating chromosomes. The very middle of the cell is the nucleolus which is the structure that the nucleoplasm is surrounding. The nucleolus is the structure that is responsible for assembling ribosomes. In between the chromatin and the inner membrane is the
Specifically, I identified that a point mutation in Mps3 causes the formation of abnormal shaped nuclei that is rescued by altering membrane fluidity. Mps3’s role in membrane fluidity, spindle pole duplication, and macromolecule (spindle pole body) insertion into the nuclear envelope were investigated. This finding was regarded as a research breakthrough by Eurekalert (AAAS). In another project, three lysine residues were mapped by mutation analyses that are acetylated by nuclear acetyl transferase (Eco1). The acetylation of Mps3 is critical for nuclear organization such as sister chromatid cohesion, telomere tethering, and gene
To pack the DNA inside the nucleus, the negatively charged DNA is wrapped around the positively charged histone protein to form a nucleosome, which is then tightly packed with other nucleosomes to form a condense chromatin (Nair and Kumar, 2012). The chromatin remodeling can change the interaction between the DNA and histones to alter the chromatin structure (Nair and Kumar, 2012). Based on how tightly the DNA is wrapped around the histone, some regions of the DNA may be either exposed or hidden, affecting the accessibility of transcriptional machinery to the regulatory sequence (Nair and Kumar, 2012). The chromatin remodeling complex uses the energy obtained from ATP to modify the chromatin structure by either moving nucleosomes along the
Roslin Institute Online, Information on Cloning and Nuclear Transfer. Online: http://www2.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/library/research/cloning/cloning.html (April 3, 2000), April 4, 2000.
The nucleoplasm is the rich organic composite that fills the inside of the nucleus. This is very similar to cytoplasm. It's mostly made up of water, containing a complicated variety of materials. Nucleoplasm would be apparent from cytoplasm due to the high combination of materials like nucleotides, which are used to make DNA and RNA, and the group of enzymes which force the DNA and RNA construction
The nucleus is the largest of organelles and can be found within the nuclear envelope. The nucleus is responsible for the storage of the genetic entropy required for growth, reproduction and metabolism. Not only the cell that it controls, but also the whole organism. It controls the replication and transfer of hereditary molecules deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid (DNA and RNA) between the parent cell and child cell. The nucleus ensures identical distribution and exact duplication of the genetic contents during cell reproduction. The nucleus sustains and controls the cell growth by arranging the synthesis of structural proteins in the cell.
The amount of information encoded by the genes within a cell is enormous, although some will never be expressed while others occasionally during its life cycle. For example some genes that encode for ribosomal RNA are being expressed continuously because they are responsible with the formation of proteins in the cell’s cytoplasm. Specific RNA molecules and proteins are expressed in all cells at all times, their genes going under the name of housekeeping genes. They are responsible with the maintenance of the cells and can aid geneticists recognize their function (Brown, 2011).
The nucleus contains genetic material that controls all the activities within a cell. A nucleus is made up of D...
nuclei was then inactivated and substituted with dead nuclei from the extinct frog. Some eggs started to grow and divide to early embryo stage (a tiny ball of m...