The Urinary System plays an important role in our everyday life. It’s most important functions are maintenance of homeostasis, manufacture hormones that we need, and to process our wastes for elimination. Our kidneys are part of this whole system; bad habits and lifestyle affect the whole cycle. This system has a long list of disorders and diseases that an individual may acquire; one of these is Acute Renal Failure (ARF). Its fast development impairs the kidneys- unless the problems detected immediately and treated.
Acute Renal Failure causes the kidneys to stop abruptly working. It loses its functions to eliminate wastes, maintain fluid balance, and preserve our body’s electrolytes. Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and
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These phases are onset, oliguria, diuresis, and recovery. It is important to identify which phase of failure the client is experiencing. There are different signs and symptoms in each phase of kidney failure. The diagnosis done by blood tests, which measure arterial blood gases, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (MedicineNet, 2013). During the onset phase, BUN (10-20 mg/dL) and creatinine (0.6-1.2 mg/dL) begin to rise up. As ARF progresses, it shifts into the oliguria phase or the decrease in urine production. In this phase, urine output is about 100-400 mL/day. Urine output is monitored and measured so that the amount of urine excreted in a day can be documented. BUN and creatinine also continue to increase. The study of arterial blood gases determines the pH of blood (7.35-7.45), PaO2 or partial pressure of arterial oxygen (80-100 mm Hg), PaCO2 or partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (35-45 mm Hg), and HCO3 or bicarbonate (21-28 mEq/L). These blood tests maintain the acid-base balance in our body and an imbalance indicates an abnormality in the whole process. Aside from blood tests and urine output measurement, urinalysis is done to determine the presence of nitrates in the urine, as well as leukocytes, ketones, bilirubin, proteins, crystals, and glucose. Urinalysis is commonly and routinely ordered because it detects the substances (Lab Tests Online, 2012). The presence of cellular …show more content…
As the client progresses into the disease fluid, intake is monitored. The client should avoid salty foods because salt can contribute to hypertension. Water based liquid should be avoided such as broth, Jell-O, popsicles, ice cream, watermelon, melon, lettuce, and celery. The patient needs to eat a low-protein diet especially before dialysis. The provider may recommend a protein diet of 1 gram per day. Foods that have a good source of protein include fruits, breads, grains, and vegetables. These foods provide energy, fiber, minerals, and vitamins. If the client is losing weight, he should get enough calories because it prevents the breakdown of body tissue. Fat is a good source of calorie, and an example is olive oil. Conversely, if the client is overweight, he should limit the intake of carbohydrates. In addition, dairy should be limited because it is high in phosphorus. It causes calcium loss from bones, making them weaker and can cause them to break. In order to balance calcium and phosphorus, calcium supplements are accompanied by Vitamin D. Foods that are low in phosphorus include tub margarine, butter, cream cheese, heavy cream, ricotta cheese, sherbet, and whipped toppings. Finally, the client should also balance his intake of potassium by consuming fruits like peaches, pears, cherries, apples, berries, pineapple, plums,
The follwong are the major kidneys tests that are performed on the patient. The first one is the glomerular filtration rate, which is performed to deduce the number of functioning nephrons, which aid in ascertaining the magnitude of kidney impairment in the individual. According to the National Kidney Foundation (2016), the glomerular filtration rate is estimated by measuring the creatinine level in the blood stream and using the results to compute the estimated GFR level. Collecting of urine samples in a 24 hour period and measuring the creatinine concentration also aid s in kidney function
There are two types of glomerulonephritis—acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The ACF form generally develops suddenly as a result of an infection or illness, such as, group A streptococci bacteria, hepatitis, or in diseases such as lupus or HIV (Mathias, 2013). This type may require dialysis to replace renal function while it lasts, however, kidney function usually returns after the primary illness is treated. Many acute patients will not have any other complications as no permanent damage is done. Whereas CKD is found in a person that has had glomerulonephritis for months to years in some cases and may be asymptomatic until the kidney has become irreversibly damaged. ARF can evolve to become chronic if the glomeruli do not respond to
a) Urinalysis with significantly increased amounts of blood (via dipstick and sediment), protein, and leukocytes as well as slightly increased bilirubin and slightly decreased pH;
The chemistry test shows the levels of electrolytes found in the blood: sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Imbalances in these electrolytes can cause complications, which especially in the case of potassium, can be deadly. Also shown by the chemistry test, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels can show how well the patient’s kidneys are functioning in filtering waste from the blood. Trauma and blood loss can affect how the kidney’s function not only in filtering waste, but also in acid-base balance, and balancing electrolyte levels. Another marker of kidney function is the glomerular filtration rate, which measures the rate filtrate is created by the glomerulus of the kidney (Winkelman, 2016). This is controlled by the kidneys themselves, meaning changes in the function of the kidneys can lead to an altered filtration rate (Winkelman, 2016). Lactic acid is measured by the chemistry test also, and an increase in lactic acid can signify acidosis caused by the lactic acid being formed by cells that do not have adequate oxygen to process glucose for energy (Workman, 2016). This decrease in available oxygen could be caused by damage to or impairment of the lungs. Carbon-dioxide, which is also measured by the chemistry test, can show
1 in 3 Americans Adults are currently at risk for developing kidney disease. What is acute renal failure, when your kidneys functions all of a sudden stop working and your kidneys are the body’s filter which remove waste products and help balance water, salts and minerals especially electrolytes in your blood when your kidneys stop working you end up building all the products in your body that need to be filtered and eliminated. The pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure are due to three main causes Pre-renal, Intra-renal, and Post renal. Pre-renal is a sudden drop in blood pressure or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys from illness or sever injury. Intra-renal is direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation of drugs, infection, toxins or reduced blood supply. Post-renal is a sudden obstruction of urine flow because of enlarged prostate bladder tumor, kidney stones, or injury.
The renal disease are common nowadays .The acute renal failure is a medical term means that the kidneys stopped from working and not able to clear toxins from body ,not able to maintained a stable electrolyte balance inside the body and not able to secret the extra fluid as urine outside the body. The renal replacement therapy (RRT) or dialysis has been discovered on 1913 by Able, Rowntree and Turner in London, UK.
Kuther, N. (2001). Improving compliance in dialysis patients: Does anything work. Seminars in Dialysis, 14(5), 324-327.
Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.
The kidneys, a major organ, are responsible for the control of blood pressure. When the pressure of blood flow is continually high, blood vessels can stretch, scar, weaken, or even harden (citation?). Whether blood pressure hardens or weakens the arteries and vessels is irrelevant because the end result is the same; the kidneys’ ability to filter the blood is tainted and they may stop removing sodium, wastes, and fluid from the body. The toxic substances and the fluid that is retained in the bloodstream may damage the vessels even more, leading to a dangerous downward spiral. In fact, high blood pressure is the second leading cause of kidney failure in the United States after diabetes (citation? NKUDIC). Preventing hypertension, and if present controlling it, is paramount to maintaining the health of our kidneys.
The article has been well organized and written. Mackay clearly states her rationale for writing the article and provides a valid reason to hold up her article with sources. Within the introduction section, the authors present worrying statistics of Americans affected by kidney disorders. Moreover, the author provides the disadvantages of dialysis with only Kidney transplantation being the only option. The author relates the topic to the readers...
As mentioned above; Hypoalbuminaemia is a predominantly events that occur due to losses of protein urinary. In response to this, hepatic albumin synthesis increased but they are still insufficient to prevent the fall in the serum albumin concentration. Proteinuria, Nephrotic range proteinuria is almost invariably due to glomerular disease.
The purpose of this paper is to take an in depth look at a renal diet which is designed for people suffering from certain kidney conditions. A renal diet can be described as a nutritional regime which is: “low in sodium, phosphorous and protein... [It] also promotes the importance of consuming high-quality protein and usually limits fluids. Some patients may also need to limit potassium and even calcium” (Nephcure). Throughout the course of this paper various aspects are addressed. these include: the role of the kidneys, the importance of professional guidance, the reasons why people follow a renal diet, monitoring sodium intake, monitoring potassium intake, monitoring phosphorus intake, protein consumption, and fluid control.
The kidneys are a bean-shaped organ in the human body and they have different functions and are of vital importance for it. The kidneys are the pair of organs, which are able to regulate the reabsorption of ions such as potassium, sodium and calcium, which are fundamental substances for the cell. Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasi...
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.
...people who eat a lot of protein and people who get kidney stones. Another link between peoples diets and kidney stones is salt. Eating too much salt increases the amount of calcium in our urine which in turn makes the risk of a kidney stone develop increase. Not only is it what we eat but also the amount that we eat. If we eat our portions in moderation and eat the right things, we will have less of a chance of developing kidney stones.