The Consequences Of Colonialism In Africa

Fukuyama states that Africa’s shortfall is connected with the consequences of colonialism and the nature of African societies before European colonial rule. Fukuyama also declares the differences between Latin America and Africa. He states that Spain and Portugal were able to remove indigenous institutions and were able to generate their own authoritarian, mercantilist political systems in Latin America. Ultimately, Fukuyama declares that Latin America was characterized as a weak authoritarian state, which later failed into developing to either a strong authoritarian or a strong democratic in the nineteenth century. However, Fukuyama states that Africa had a different legacy. Colonialism began later in

Africa and was shorter in duration;

Large, powerful regimes were formed in Europe and China, since there was flat land bounded by rivers and mountain ranges that could easily traversed by horses. Fukuyama declares that in Africa, the only flat, open land is in the Sahara desert and in the savanna belt running just under it. Hence, these parts of Africa contain state level systems where horses and camels can be used.

2) What was British “indirect rule” in Africa? What were some of its consequences? (Chapter 20).

Fukuyama introduces the “indirect rule”, as a policy that has been put into place since the

Indian Rebellion of 1858. It was systematically articulated for the first time by Lord Frederick

Lugard, the British governor of Northern Nigeria, from 1900 to 1906 and Hong Kong, from 1907 to 1912. Lugard’s experience in Africa made him understand that Britain did not have either the resources or the people to govern and rule its colonies in Africa, as it did in Hong Kong. Lugard declared that imposing European law and institutions on unwilling Africans was counter- productive and that indigenous people were governed better with their own customary

Tanzania’s nation building has been similar to that of Indonesia, in spite of having differences in the region, religion and race. Tanzania is very ethnically diverse, since it’s divided into 120 different ethnic groups. Like Indonesia, it was ruled for many years by a strong one- party state, which made nation building a clear goal. Tanzania’s founding president, Julius Nyerere, played a role similar to that of Sukarno in

Indonesia. Nyerere built a national identity with a socialist ideology and instead of using ethnicity, he used his doctrine of ujamaa or African socialism. Like Sukarno, Nyerere had very little patience with Western liberal notions, such as pluralism. Nyerere wanted a one-party rule system so, that he could reorganize society. The Tanzanian pressed for a national language to be able to clear out all the regionalism and the individual different ethnic identities. In addition, many other new African rulers were focusing their political ideology in the cities in their regime only, yet Nyerere focused not just on the cities, but he also was concentrated in the countryside, in which was still a very rural