Introduction: Today in many industrial processes, it is important to measure fluid flow rate within a system as a whole or in part accurately. This applies equally to both liquid and gasses equally (e.g. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, liquors and etc.) which are an integral part of the process, or to compress air, water or steam which are a fundamental to plant operation. The installation of any flow meter can be explained in two ways. Firstly, the process control where the flowmeter is used to measure the rate of fluid or energy flow to allow the process to be controlled and so to be certain that the end product is of the required quality. Second is the cost allocation where energy is used to provide process or space heating, it is fundamental to know where the costs associated with energy are actually being incurred. The cost of energy are allocated to a particular product, department or other user by flowmetering which usually result in a significant reduction in total energy costs. The advantage of measuring flow is that it can allocate heating costs. Not only that, it also improve process control, identify major energy users, monitor the results of process changes, check on steam boiler efficiency, identifying energy patterns through the day and provide management information. In the world today, orifice plates are still the most used type of flowmeter. The main reason why they are used over the other flowmeters is due to the fact that they offer cost benefits, especially in larger line size, and have proved to be rugged, reliable and effective over many years. Orifice plate continues to provide a very competitive solution where a need exists for a rugged, cost effective flow meter which has a turndown of not more than 4:1... ... middle of paper ... ...erefore a result can be very precise but inaccurate. So, experiment which has an accurate answer is said to be more successful experiment rather then an experiment which has precise value but inaccurate answer. Conclusion: To sum up, this experiment have proven that there will always be loss in the system but the system can be made more efficient to minimize the loss and therefore reducing the cost. The experiment carried out to determine the volume flow rate of experimentally and theoretically showed that there are some errors in the experiment when the experimental value was compared with the theoretical value. One of the most obvious possibility of an error that may have occurred during the experiment was the human error. However, these errors can be reduced by repeating the experiment for more than two times and also if possible by using better equipment’s.
The aim of this experiment is to find out how much gas is given off by
The results for the various conditions differed dramatically. As seen in the table, “Data Collected During Time Interval” the reference test tube remained at a trasmittance level of 100% for all five experimental tests. The control solution remained fairly constant for all five tests, but did vary slightly after the five minute time interval.
level of froth was measured as it rose up the side of the tube every
2. Increase accuracy in the product cost calculating. While using ABC, direct materials and direct labors can be classified into products, manufacturing overhead will be classified into the homogeneous cost pool. Then, apportioned the manufacturing overhead into products according to reasonable distribution cost standard. The standard of cost allocation becomes more direct and specific, leading to many traditional uncontrollable indirect cost changes into controllable direct cost. And this provides more accurate information to cost control.
...stem. Authors found this topic as an important subject of critical flow conditions in water resources systems analysis and design. Importance of engineering implementation and maintenance is considered.
In this experiment, there were several objectives. First, this lab was designed to determine the difference, if any, between the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. It was designed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of several lab equipment measurements. This lab was also designed to be an introduction to the LabQuest Data and the Logger Pro data analysis database. Random, systematic, and gross errors are errors made during experiments that can have significant effects to the results. Random errors do not really have a specific cause, but still causes a few of the measurements to either be a little high or a little low. Systematic errors occur when there are limitations or mistakes on lab equipment or lab procedures. These kinds of errors cause measurements to be either be always high or always low. The last kind of error is gross errors. Gross errors occur when machines or equipment fail completely. However, gross errors usually occur due to a personal mistake. For this experiment, the number of significant figures is very important and depends on the equipment being used. When using the volumetric pipette and burette, the measurements are rounded to the hundredth place while in a graduated cylinder, it is rounded to the tenth place.
The Darby Company is re-evaluating its current production and distribution system in order to determine whether it is cost-effective or if a different approach should be considered. The company produces meters that measure the consumption of electrical power. Currently, they produce these meters are two locations – El Paso, Texas and San Bernardino, California. The San Bernardino plant is newer, and therefore the technology is more effective, meaning that their cost per unit is $10.00, while the El Paso plant produces at $10.50. However, the El Paso plant has a higher capacity at 30,000 to San Bernardino’s 20,000. Once manufactured, the meters are sent to one of three distribution centers – Ft. Worth, Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and Las Vegas. Due to the proximity of El Paso to Ft. Worth, they are only plant to ship to Ft. Worth. The costs associated with each shipment are described in detail in Appendix 2.2A. From these distribution centers, meters are shipped to one of nine customer zones. The Ft. Worth center services Dallas, San Antonio, Wichita and Kansas City, the Santa Fe center services Denver, Salt Lake City, and Phoenix, and the Las Vegas center ships to Los Angeles and San Diego.
Within the first experiment, certain observations were made by the group. Such as how the speed of sound traveling through the tube within all ten trials came out to be an identical 0.0036, except once, when the speed was measured as 0.0037. Even so, the differing speed was only 0.0001 off from the other measurements. Which allowed for the average time for the
If a station has a stilling well with a recorder inside, staff gauges are placed inside and outside the well in order to help level the gauge. Two permanent benchmarks of known level should be close to the site in order to achieve accurate level readings.
There is also the potential of human error within this experiment for example finding the meniscus is important to get an accurate amount using the graduated pipettes and burettes. There is a possibility that at one point in the experiment a chemical was measured inaccurately affecting the results. To resolve this, the experiment should have been repeated three times.
For example: with the increase of the number of products produced, the cost of operating a machine also increase. Second we have batch level costs which is associated with batches; producing a multiple units of the same product that are processed together is called a batch. The third type is product level costs which arise from any activity in order to support the production of products. The fourth and the last type is facility level costs, this costs cannot be determined with a particular unit, product or batch; this costs are fixed with respect to batches, products and number of units produced. A single measure of volume is used for allocating costs to each service or product in traditional method for example: direct material cost, machine hours, direct labor cost and direct labor hours. A cost driver is an activity that generate costs, it can be generated by two types of costs the first is a particular machine 's running costs where the costs is driven by production volume as machine hours; the second is quality inspection costs where the cost is driven by the number of times the relevant activity occurs as the number of
Process costing System is an accounting expression which describes one method to determine the manufacturing costs to the units manufactured . Processing is typically used when similar units are mass produced. Also process costing system is a type of accounting process costing which is used to determine the cost of a produced inventory. Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) defines process costing as " The costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of continuous or repetitive operations or processes. Costs are average over the units produced during the period, being initially charged to the operation or process "( College Accounting Coach, 2007). Process costing is more important and appropriate for all businesses producing identical products during which production is an ongoing flow. Toyota is on the of the major companies in the world that used well-known new philosophic management to produce identical products using process costing system.
These are basic benefits. There may be more reliable operation of plant and reliable processes achieved.
The void fraction can be found by measuring the resistance of a volume of the fluid between two probes, as the resistance between the two probes increases as the air content increases. In order to adequately measure the movement of air pockets and air bubbles a vertical array of co-located pressure and aeration transducers was required. To measure wave impact void fractions in the field the aeration transducers must withstand storm conditions, operate over a range of temperature and salinity variations, and be appropriately attached to the coastal structure. Hence the development of field wave impact aeration gauges was a substantial problem.
Suction and lift are paramount contemplations when pumping liquids. Suction is the vertical separation between the liquid to be pumped and the core of the pump, while lift is the vertical separation between the pump and the conveyance point. The profundity from which a hand pump will suck is restricted by air weight to a working profundity of less than 7 meters. The depth to which a hand pump will lift is administered by the capacity of the pump and the driver to lift the weight in t...