Introduction
Wound healing is the final process in inflammation at which the architecture and the function of the tissues were repaired after an injury.[1] Basically, before wound healing takes place, inflammation occurs at which it helps to eliminate the injurious agents and if elimination is not possible, inflammation helps limiting the effects caused by the injurious agents. Finally, it prepares the site of injury for healing process.[2]
Picture taken from: http://www.pilonidal.org/aftercare/wound_healing_indepth.php
Inflammation
Inflammation is a very important process where it can dilute, destroy and even neutralize the injurious agents that causes the wound.[1] Without inflammation, the wound would never heal as infections at the site of injury remained.[1] There are two types of inflammation which are acute inflammation and chronic inflammation.
Acute inflammation
Acute inflammation can be triggered by stimuli such as immune reactions, tissue necrosis, trauma and infections.[1] It is a rapid response towards injury or foreign substances that deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to the site of injury.[1] Two major components of acute inflammation are vascular changes and cellular events.[1]
• Vascular changes:
Acute inflammation can caused the vasodilation of blood vessels. Vasodilation of blood vessels result in the increased blood flow to the site of injury, thereby causing erythema (redness) and warmth characteristics.[1] Vasodilation and increased blood flow then leads to an increased in intravascular hydrostatic pressure, allowing the fluid (transudate) to flow from the capillaries into the tissues.[1] The fluid then accumulate in the extravascular spaces causing a condition called edema.[1]
• Cellular events:...
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...ng is chronic disease such as diabetes. The wound on the diabetic patient is very difficult to heal as it involves several mechanisms. Thus, it is very important for the diabetic patients to take good care of themselves from injury as the wound healing process may be difficult.
Works Cited
1. Vinay Kumar, Ramzi S. Cotran & Stanley L. Robbins (2003) Robbins Basic Pathology (7th edition) Saunders
2. Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke & Christine L. Case (2006) Microbiology: An Introduction (9th edition) Pearson
3. S. Guo & L.A. DiPietro (2010) Factors Affecting Wound Healing. J Dent Res 89(3): 219-229
4. Eugene W. Nester, Denise G. Anderson, C. Evans Roberts & Martha T. Nester (2007) Microbiology: A Human Perspective (5th edition) McGraw-Hill
5. Cathy Thomas Hess (2011) Checklist for Factors Affecting Wound Healing. Advances in skin and wound care 24(4): 192
Andhoga J, Macharia AG, Maikuma IR, Wanyonyi ZS, Ayumba BR, Kakai R (2002) Aerobic pathogenic bacteria in post-operative wounds at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital. East Afr Med J.79:640-644.
Acute inflammation is triggered when the human body experiences trauma or injury. The signs and symptoms of Acute Inflammation include redness, pain, swelling, heat and loss of function (Porth 2011, p. 55). In Acute Inflammation there are two different stages, the vascular stage involves the blood vessels and how blood flow is involved and they changes that happen after injury has occurred and the cellular stage of Acute Inflammation, the cells that are involved are the leukocytes and neutrophils (Porth 2011, p.
b. What are the stages of MODS? (see also sepsis and SIRS [systemic inflammatory response syndrome])
Inflammation is the reaction of the body's tissue to an injury, fundamental in the innate and adaptive response. Signs of inflammation are characterised as rubor, dolor, tumor and calor, meaning redness, pain, swelling and heat respectively. The benefits of inflammation outweighs the adverse effects and is important for survival although too much inflammation might cause harm, like sepsis or septic shock[4].
Pus is made up of mainly white blood cells, cellular fluid, cell debris. Pus that forms around infections and/or wounds indicates phagocytes in action left behind after phagocytes have done their job. The inflammatory response occurs when tissues are injured. The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins. These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. This helps isolate the foreign substance from further contact with body tissues. These chemicals attract white blood cells called phagocytes that gobble up germs and dead or damaged cells. This process is referred to as phagocytosis. Phagocytes eventually die and pus is formed from a collection of dead tissue, dead bacteria, and live and dead phagocytes.Therefore, pus indicates that there is an active, functioning, and somewhat successful inflammatory response against invading microbes that have entered the body.
Pathophysiology of infection, inflammation response, and sepsis leading to septic shock (the cascade) is a major area of interest in the literature. Under normal circumstances, when a pathogen enters a human host and tissue damage occurs, the host initiates an inflammatory response to repair the tissue. The main types of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and parasites (Porth & Matfin, 2009; Raghavan & Marik, 2006). Cellulitis is an example of an acute infection, which affects the skin and or subcutaneous tissue often in lower limbs. Cellulitis is caused by streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus (multi-resistant bacteria) and is transmitted by direct contact, entering the body via broken skin such as ulcers and or following trauma. The presentation of cellulitis often includes pain (localised), erythema, fever and swelling. Infections such as cellulitis have a propensity to become systemic through distribution in the blood and lymph (Hadzovic-Cengic et al., 2012). The inflammation response to an infection involves the release of both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. When excessive pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines are released they cause inflammation in a systemic manner that can cause sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (being the non-specific response to non-infectious cause) (Sagy, Al-Qaqaa, & Kim, 2013). Pro-inflammatory mediators also activate the complement system, which results in increased inflammation and upregulation of specific receptors that lead to cellular injury and apoptosis seen in severe sepsis and organ dysfunction (Ward, 2008). Organ dysfunction can occur in one or more organs such as the lungs, liver, kidneys and or heart and often results from a lack of...
Williams, L. Leaper, D. “Nutrition and Wound healing”, 2006, Clinical Nutrition Update, vol. 5, no.1, pp.3-5.
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to cellular injury and bacterial invasion. Inflammation is the primary defense in early gingivitis. Biofilm can initiate an inflammatory response if it is left undisturbed for as little as seventy two hours. Redness and swelling are two of the cardinal signs of inflammation and can be observed clinically in gingivitis. Histamine is released by mast cells and responsible for the redness and swelling of tissues. Histamine causes both an increase in vascularity and permeability of blood vessels at the site of injury. Swelling may occur in response to the accumulation of fluid at a specific site. The inflammatory response includes cellular components of the immune system polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are crucial to the cellular immune response. Polyporphonuclear leukocytes are the first cells that arrive at an inflammatory site. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes arrive at the site via chemotaxis, and begin to phagocytize bacteria. As the disease continues and the inflammatory reaction is not strong enough to subside the bacterial infection the immune response is further
(A)Wound healing is a biological process occurring in the human body. In this lecture we had discussed about both acute and chronic wounds. An acute wound is an injury to the skin that occurs suddenly rather than over time. It heals at a predictable and expected rate according to the normal wound healing process. The chronic wounds do not heal in an orderly set of stages and in a predictable amount of time the way most wounds do.
Carlton suffered an acute tissue injury on his foot after stepping on a sharp edge shell, which disrupted the layers of the skin. Immediately after an injury occurs, an inflammatory response begins, which serves to control and eliminate altered tissue/cells, microorganism, and antigens. This takes place in two phases. 1) The vascular phase, in which small vessels(arterioles, venules) at the site of injury undergo changes. Beginning, with
The symptoms experienced by Carlton are in the group of the cardinal signs of inflammation that have been identified for centuries (Grossman & Porth, 2014). Carlton’s wound is in the first stage, the inflammatory phase, of acute inflammation, which is the beginning of a complex, regulated, and critical process of immunologic events (Rosique, Rosique, & Farina Junior, 2015). There are two main types of stimuli that cause this kind of biological and immunological reaction: physical injury and microbial infection (Qian et al., 2016).
Acute inflammatory is the initial response of the body following an injury “Acute inflammation is short term and can be measured in hours or days” (Battle, 2009, P 238). This response is achieved through the release of leukocyte and plasma into the injured tissues. The predominant cells in acute inflammation are neutrophils. This inflammatory response involves the local vascular and immune system within the tissue. There are five cardinal signs signifying acute inflammation: 1) warm and 2) redness due to increased blood flow to the injured ...
Maintenance of an appropriate healing environment is also essential throughout the management of diabetic foot ulcers. The choice of dressing is dependent on many factors including presence of infection, amount of exudate and the required frequency of wound bed inspection.
When a wound is determined as non-healable, as described by Sibbald et al (1), it should not be treated with a moist treatment and should be kept dry in order to reduce the risk of infection that would compromise the limb. It is also important to consider the patient 's preferences and try to control his pain, his discomfort in activities of daily living and the odour that their wound may produce. In this case, special attention must be given to infection prevention and control. Some charcoal dressing would be interesting in the care of our non-healable wounds at St. Mary 's Hospital.
The white blood cells destroy any unfamiliar pathogens in the bloodstream and can cause inflammation. Therefore, the inflammation causes a surplus of white blood cells to clot the wound for healing.