DNA is composed of three major factors: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases (Biology pg. 259-260). The first major factor is the five-carbon sugar, which is a sugar molecule known as deoxyribose. The second major factor is phosphate group, which acts as a type of backbone and allows the DNA, as well as RNA, the opportunity to form the long chains of nucleotides “by the process of dehydration synthesis (Biology pg. 260).” The third main component is the nitrogenous bases, which can be a purine group, or a two-ringed structure; or a pyrimidine, which is a single-ringed structure. Cells are constantly dividing, which means that DNA is constantly replicating itself. Every cell in the body has the same copy of DNA. Replication requires three things: something to copy, or in other words a template, something to copy it, or nucleotides which provide a complimentary strand to the template, and the tools that are essential to actually build it, which in prokaryotes’ case are the three types of DNA …show more content…
A helicase uses energy provided by ATP to uncoil the DNA template specified (Biology pg. 267). The helicase essentially divides the DNA, so that it can be able to form a replication fork in its origin of replication (Biology pg. 268). Then, Okazaki fragments are formed in the lagging strand. Okazaki fragments are defined as “DNA fragments synthesized on the lagging strand (Biology pg. 268).” Meanwhile, the leading strand is still continuously replicating (Biology pg. 268). After the lagging strand synthesis, which is when “the primase synthesizes the primers needed by DNA polymerase III”, the DNA ligase closes the gaps between the Okazaki fragments (Biology pg. 268-269). Finally, termination occurs at an opposite spot of the origin. In the final stage two daughter molecules are produced and are interlocked in a chain-like
The location of genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show major discrepancies because they have different levels of cell organization. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, they lack membrane bound organelles such the nucleus. Therefore, genomes of the prokaryotes reside as irregular Protein and deoxyribos nucleic acid (DNA) complex in cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm). This area of the cytoplasm is defined as the ‘nucleoid’ (Bauman.R 2004). Unlike Eukaryotes, it does not possess a nuclear envelope.
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) is a chromosome found in the nucleus of a cell, which is a double-stranded helix (similar to a twisted ladder). DNA is made up of four bases called adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C), that is always based in pairs of A with T and G with C. The four bases of A, C, G, and T were discovered by Phoebus Levene in 1929, which linked it to the string of nucleotide units through phosphate-sugar-base (groups). As mention in Ananya Mandal research paper, Levene thought the chain connection with the bases is repeated in a fix order that make up the DNA molecu...
DNA is made up of nucleotides, and a strand of DNA is known as a polynucleotide. A nucleotide is made up of three parts: A phosphate (phosphoric acid), a sugar (Deoxyribose in the case of DNA), and an organic nitrogenous base2 of which there are four. The four bases are as followed: Adenine (A), Cytosine
The essential component of life can be acknowledged and is made up of a nucleic acid known as DNA. DNA is the abbreviated form for the word deoxyribonucleic acid and it is the “carrier of genetic information” (McMurry, Ballantine, Hoeger, & Peterson, 1992, pg. 775). DNA contains the genetic instructions that are needed for an organism to develop, survive, and replicate, as it plays a crucial role in living systems that makes each species unique and distinctive. The multifaceted material is stored in every cell of every living organisms and it contains information about our nature, appearance, performance, etc. With the instructions that it contains, DNA is passed from the adult organism to their offspring during reproduction. (McMurry, Ballantine, Hoeger, & Peterson, 1992, pg.777).
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1. DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.
Each of the nucleotides accommodate a phosphate group, sugar group, and a nitrogen base. There is four nitrogen bases in DNA. The four nitrogen bases are; Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). Each of the bases are connected to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. They are then positioned into two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix (DNA). The nitrogen bases are paired up with one another. Adenine and Thymine will always be paired with each other because of the bonds between them. Between A and T, there are two hydrogen bonds. The same goes with Guanine always being paired with Cytosine due. Between both G and C there is three hydrogen bonds. The nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine won’t pair up with each other because, of their size. Both the nitrogen bases Adenine and Guanine are a purine base. Thymine and Cytosine are both a pyrimidine base. Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine, because they are of opposite
The polymerase chain reaction or PCR for short can be used to create many copies of DNA. This allows the DNA to then be visualized using a dye like ethidium bromide after gel electrophoresis. The process has been refined over the years, however the basic steps are similar.
A rejuvenating enzyme telomerase build telomere DNA and telomere DNA protect chromosome. Without telomerase present, the chromosome is shortened each time cell divides. Finally telomerase maintain telomere at the end of DNA thread. Telomerase is an enzyme consists of proteins and RNA sequence as a template for synthesizing telomere DNA. Telomeres shorten with each cell division and progressive telomere shortening ultimately results in cellular
Three types of nucleotide excision repair include differentiation repair, transcription coupled repair, and global genomic repair. In diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum, there are functional defects in nucleotide excision repair proteins. Base excision repair replaces modified bases through deamination, methylation, or oxidation with correct bases. These modified bases are then removed by enzymes. The remaining ends are ligated by ligase enzymes. Mismatch repair removes mismatched bases caused from insertion, deletion, and replication errors. Two proteins that are incorporated in this process to recognize the mismatched bases in prokaryotes are MutS and MutL. The mismatched base pairs are removed and excised and then the missing nucleotides are synthesized by polymerase δ enzyme. There are two pathways in DNA double strand break repair. There is nonhomologous end joining and homologous repair. In nonhomologous end joining the ends of the broken strands of DNA are ligated. This pathway is seen as an error-prone pathway because it lacks a homologous sequence control system. Homologous repair is error free. The pathway that is used depends on the protein that interacts
A DNA molecule is found in the nucleus and is made up of a chain of nucleotides. A nucleotide is a nitrogenous base bonded to a pentose sugar, which is then bonded to a phosphate group (Campbell and Reece, 2013). DNA is also double stranded, which means that each whole DNA molecule has two single chains of nucleotides that act together. T...
DNA has a specific structure composed of nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base. A DNA molecule is made up of two polynucleotide chains, forming a double helix. Adenine pairs up with thymine to make one nucleotide chain and guanine is always paired with cytosine to make another nucleotide chain. In viruses, DNA molecules can have anywhere from 5,000 to over 200,000 nucleotides. A human cell contains more than 3 billion pairs of linked nucleotides. The DNA molecule is very tightly packaged. The packed form of DNA is a chromosome. DNA unwinds so that it can be copied.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a self-replicating molecule or material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent in chromosomes. It encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses. Simply put, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce. The discovery and use of DNA has seen many changes and made great progress over many years. James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. The three won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for their work (Bagley, 2013). Scientist use the term “double helix” to describe DNA’s winding, two-stranded chemical structure. This shape looks much like a twisted ladder and gives the DNA the power to pass along biological instructions with great precision.
During this phase the DNA aka “deoxyribose nucleic acid” clone then forms chromatin. Chromatin is the mass of genetic material that forms into chromosomes. Interphase is divided into smaller parts: G1 Phase, S phase and G2 Phase. Throughout all the phases, the cells continuously develop by producing mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and proteins. The actual division occurs during the S phase bur the G phases are mainly for the purpose of growing. Starting with the G1 phase the cell grows in preparation for certain intracellular components and DNA replication. This phase makes sure the cell is prepared for the process of DNA replication. It reviews the size and environment to ensure that is it ready to go, and cannot leave the G1 until it is complete. But what happens to a cell when it is not complete and cannot exit out of the phase? It will pause and transfer to phase G0. There’s no certain time to be in this phase but it will remain until it reaches the fitting size and is in a supportive surroundings for DNA replication. It will exit either G1 or G0 and there is no other way besides these. Then the cell will advance to the next phase which is the S phase. Synthesis, or more known as S phase is the section of the cell cycle when the DNA is wrapped into chromosomes then duplicated. This is a very important part of the cycle because it grants each of them that is created, to have the exact same genetic