In animal husbandly there are many factors that influence the quality of the herd. Such as, but not limited to genetics, environment, management practices, diet and deaese factors. All of which people have been working to control ever since we first started moving to an agrarian society. Working to influence these factors has lead to radical changes over the last century with advent of genetics or even attempts at weather control. Despite all of this new technology and scientific revelations, once an animal is on the ground the amount of control we have is limited and cost becomes a big factor. With this in mind, maintain a healthy animal is much easer and cheaper than trying bring one back from an unhealthy condition. This makes nutrition likely the most important part of animal husbandly and one of the easiest and cheapest method of control.
First before choosing what are the best nutrients and how best to deliver them. The physiology of digestion needs to clearly understood. Thus enabling us to choose a feed that will work best with the biological process of digestion that is found in the desired animal. It is with this purpose in mind we will perform a comparative examination of digestive system of the horse and cow.
The choice of horse and cow digestion is based on a few
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The reason for this mechanical action is several fold. First it simply ensures that all food particles are small enough to be safely swallowed. As anyone how had to deal with choke in a horse can testify to this need. In addition to this mastication serves as the first step in digestion. By increasing the surface area of the food allowing for digestive juices more points of contact. This will speed up the process of digestion. While at the same time, mastication impregnates the food with saliva which in turn softens the food making it easer to chew and
The roots of animal experimentation began in the early 1600s when the world expressed in interests on the functions of animals and their uses in human life. However, it wasn’t until the incident regarding the drug thalidomide in 1960 did the government make it a requirement for drugs be tested on animals. During the incident, millions of women took the medication believing that it would be a source of relieve from morning sickness, not knowing however that it would cause irrevocable effects on their unborn children (Watson 4). Although the ruling seemed to provide a sigh of relief to some, the very idea of placing animals in strange uncomfortable environments and experiencing pain and euthanasia angered many. According to the American Anti-Vivisection Society, commonly known as AAVS, It is wrong to treat animals as objects for the purpose of scientific research, and to cause them pain and suffering (“Animal Research Is Unethical and Scientifically Unnecessary”). Although the arguments against animal experimentation seem credible, animal testing on medicines and products are necessary in order to insure the safety of human beings.
Kellems, Richard O., and D. C. Church. Livestock Feeds and Feeding. 6th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
We should be concerned about the health of the animals that we are eating because if they are not consuming any healthy food we will not get our required nutrients. In the movie Food Inc. it shows how cows are only supposed to eat grass which is essential to them however we are now feeding them corn which makes the cows bigger and fatter faster than usual but there are many things wrong with it. This could cause Cows to raise the acid level this also creates existence for the dangerous disease E. Coli. E. Coli is a bacteria that is inside your intestines that helps you break down food. When cows are fed corn it also decreases the healthy acids such as Omega-3 and increases Omega-6 which is unhealthy. We should also care about their living conditions because a cow is in one area for most of the day just eating corn and when cows eat corn they tend to poop a lot. It is crowded in the eating area for cows so when they poop it falls on the ground and they eat so much corn that they just keep pooping so eventually they start stepping in it and this would cause them to get diseases. Some farmers when they slaughter them they do check for diseases but some don’t, so the diseases travel with the cow and onto your dinner plate which means that you could be eating an infected cow without knowing it. This could give you diseases and it could cause death. In Food Inc. they showed an example of a boy called Kevin who died because of consuming some unsanitary meat. He got E. Coli and died 12 days later. This proves that this should not be taken lightly because many people die from diseases similar to this one.
The horse being a hindgut fermenter means is a simple single chambered stomach. The horses stomach is really small compared to the size of the animal, it only makes up 10% of the capacity of the horses digestive system. The horse’s stomach is small as the horse tends to eat small amount every couple of hours, which means they are Foragers. In the horse’s stomach the food is mixed with pepsin; this is an enzyme which helps to break down proteins; hydrochloric acids which will help to break down solid particles. Also in the horse’s stomach are bacteria which help to produce lactic acid. Whereas the cow is a ruminant which means they have a four compartment stomach. The cow has 4 chambers of the stomach theses are called rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. The cow can also re-chew its food this is also known as chewing the cud. The rumen is the largest of the four compartments; this compartment is divided in to several sacs. It can hold up to 25 gallons of water depending on the cow. The rumen acts as the storage vat for food; this is because of the size of the rumen. The rumen absorbs volatile fatty acids and some other product which digestion has increases by the good blood supply to the walls of rumens. The PH value of the rumen is 6-7. The reticulum is a pouch like structure in the front part of the cow’s body cavity. It lies very close to the cow’s heart. It has a honeycomb appearance. In here there is no enzymes
In chapter 4 of Guns, Germs, and Steel, Diamond discusses the benefits of animal domestication and herding over a hunter-gatherer society. The 4 most, and best, domesticated animals are cows, sheep, goats, and pigs. Cows, sheeps, and goats all produce milk, and all 4 produce meat. Also, leather can be made from certain pelts. Manure from the animals can be used on plants to increase quality and quantity of food production. The increased availability in calories allows for lower hunger and the ability to support a larger population. Also, exposure to animal-based germs allows for a build up in the immune system, which later helps prevent
The horse’s protein requirements vary depending on age and function.
The way meat is produced can be improved to limit the waste and amount of cattle needed. In some areas, forests and other ecosystems are often taken over by grassland in order to feed cattle and other livestock.
The horse is a highly respected animal in United States culture. It has been worshipped and paid tribute to through art, books (Misty of Chincoteague, Black Stallion), movies (Black Beauty, Spirit), and television shows (Mr. Ed). The horse industry is huge in the United States, encompassing everything from rodeos and racing to horses owned for purely pleasure. There have been statues erected of famous racehorses, as well as museums devoted entirely to equines. "Horse culture" is a huge part of American culture. The slaughter of horses for human consumption does not seem to fit into that culture. However, despite initial reservations, many Americans may agree that the slaughter of horses is better than alternatives.
Factory farming began in the 1920s soon after the discovery of vitamins A and D. Shirley Leung said, when these vitamins are added to feed, animals no longer require exercise and sunlight for growth (B2). This allowed large numbers of animals to be raised indoors year-round. The greatest problem that was faced in raising these animals indoors was the spread of disease, which was fought against in the 1940s with the development of antibiotics. Farmers found they could increase productivity and reduce the operating costs by using machines and assembly-line techniques. Unfortunately, this trend of mass production has resulted in incredible pain and suffering for the animals. Animals today raised on factory farms have had their genes manipulated and pumped full of antibiotics, hormones, and other chemicals to encourage high productivity. In the fast food industry, animals are not considered animals at all; “they are food producing machines” (BBC). They are confined to small cages with metal bars, ammonia-filled air and artificial lighting or no lighting at all. They are subjected to horrible mutilations: beak searing, tail docking, ear cutting and castration. The worst thing is that ...
The digestive system is a group of organs that perform the process by which food, containing nutrients, is eaten and broken down into different components. This breakdown makes it possible for the digested material to pass through the intestinal wall into the blood stream. The digestive process contains many different steps that take place in many different organs.The first step of digestion begins at the mouth, where the food enters the mouth. Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands. The saliva contains enzymes such as Ptyalin, which starts sugar digestion. The enzymes also provide lubrication to help in the chewing and swallowing of the food.
One of the first steps of digestion begins in the stomach. The stomach is an organ, which gets the bolus from the esophagus and helps with chemical and mechanical digestion. Now, let’s break that down a little bit. First of all, if you don’t know what the stomach looks like, it is J-shaped. That should make it pretty easy for you to recognize. Okay, so, bolus is a small, circular mass of digested food. The esophagus is a muscular tube that is used to help food and liquids make its way into the stomach. But, the esophagus is not involved with digestion. The mechanical digestion is the breaking down of big chunks of food into smaller chunks. On the other hand, chemical digestion, is a more complicated form of digestion, which break down molecules and passes through the blood stream. So, once again, the stomach gets the mass of digested food from the esophagus and helps with the mechanical and chemical digestion.
The dogs’ digestive system mainly consists of 15 different parts. These are the oral cavity, oesophagus, diaphragm, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, transverse colon, ascending colon, descending colon, caecum, anal canal and the rectum (Aspinall and Cappello, 2009). Each of these play an important role in the dogs’ digestive system.
Hi there. My name is Albert and this is my adventurous story of my journey through a human. I was a delicious gourmet hamburger with fresh ingredients like salad, mustard and an angus beef pattie. I was dumped into a family feed box labelled with a massive golden arched ‘M’. Now, I’m quite an intelligent burger, unlike my other food companions and I love studying about the fascinating human digestive system when I went to Burgerton College. I’m here to tell you first-hand about my digestive journey into the human body! Here is a map of the human digestive system for your convenience to pinpoint where I am in my journey as I am recounting my story.
America focuses heavily on its livestock and crops earning us a major role in global trade as a farming nation. Unfortunately this has led to some poor choices in treatment of our animals. Many farmers who believe in animal rights say that it started back when farmers only tended to fewer animals, “Ownership of farm animals became concentrated in fewer hands, and flocks and herds grew larger. As a result, the individuality of animals was lost to their owners and they began receding from most people's everyday life” (Namit 29). When people lost their connection to the animals that provided their food, the quality of the animal's lives began to dramatically decrease. Consumers constantly pushed farmers to their limits with high quotas. To keep up with demands agriculturalists turned to some unorthodox practices to keep costs low and still maintain their annual quotas; “To raise efficiency and cut costs, farm animals began to be engineered for abnormally rapid weight gain, fed unnatu...
It has long been debated as to whether it is ethical to use animals for experimentation. When considering whether animal research is ethically acceptable or not two main concerns must be raised. The first issue is whether it is absolutely necessary to use animals in order to acquire information that may contribute to the improvement of people’s health and well-being. The second issue is whether the use of animals is defendable on a moral ground.