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Cancer seems to be tightening its grip in India & worldwide. Recently, an estimated new cancer cases were recorded to be 14.1 million & cancer deaths were of 8.2 million in the world, of which nearly 7,00,000 were recorded in India alone, according to “The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the specialized cancer agency of the World Health Organization, Lyon.
Cancer is a complex group of diseases which makes cells in the body to change and grow out of control. These changes starts from a single cell. Changes can be of permanent alterations to the DNA called mutations. Humans do have a host of defensive mechanism which provides resistance towards damaged cells or mutated cells to reproduce. During life time, thousands of damaged cells get rid off from the body before they get triggered. If the cancer cells are susceptible towards natural defenses and shows irregular division of cells without control then cancer cells tend to form lump or mass of cells called as tumor. Not all tumors are dangerous. Cells which spring up and remain static are called benign. Some tumor cells often cross surrounding tissues and can metastasize at any site in the body damaging near by cells or organs called as malignant or cancerous tumors.
External factors by which cancer is being caused are tobacco, infectious organisms, chemicals, and radiation, whereas internal factors include inherited mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and mutations that takes place through metabolism. Most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide were those of the lung, breast, and colorectum.
The most predominant and killer disease of all cancer types in women includes the breast cancer. In 2012, 1.7 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer thus glob...
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...f cell signal transduction Because CLA’s inhibitory effects on tumorigenesis become manifest at intake levels suitable for humans, CLA may prove to be an important chemopreventive component of our diet. However, inconclusive results from some experimental studies regarding the effects of fatty acids on cancer progression have arisen in part from the use of complex mixtures of dietary fat. Assessment of individual and simple mixtures of CLA isomers in controlled studies will identify the principal anticarcinogenic isomers to develop novel dietary supplements for individuals at increased risk of cancer or patients undergoing cancer treatment. Given the direct association of colorectal and prostate cancer with total fat intake, dietary intervention with anticarcinogenic fatty acids such as CLA may prove efficacious as an adjuvant treatment of patients with cancers.
Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)
Cancer is the term used to describe a group of diseases consisting of hundreds of ailments and although there exists so many different types of cancer, they all begin in a similar way. The body is made up of over a trillion cells, and cancer is the uncontrolled growth of malfunctioning cells in the body (Dawson, 1996). “Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person’s life, normal cells divide faster to allow the person to grow. After the person becomes an adult, most cells divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells or to repair injuries” (American Cancer Society, 2012).
Cancer starts when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. Cancer cell growth is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and invading other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell. Cells become cancer cells because of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage. DNA is in every cell and it directs all the cell’s actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, and the cell doesn’t die like it should. Instead, the cell goes on making new cells that the body doesn’t need. These new cells all have the same abnormal DNA as the first cell does.
The Emperor of All Maladies by Siddhartha Mukherjee is an in-depth analysis of the history of cancer. The book discusses the beginning stages of cancer when it was merely a confusing phenomenon for doctors that occurred for over a century. For example, "Childhood leukemia had fascinated, confused, and frustrated doctors for more than a century. The disease had been analyzed, classified, sub-classified, and divided meticulously” (Mukherjee 12). Mukherjee is a passionate physician and displays this in his work as a cancer researcher. Mukherjee book consists of his professional experiences working at the Dana-Farber
Cancer is a disease when abnormal cells divide without control and invade other tissues in the body. Normal cells divide in a regulated way to generate new cells that are needed to keep the body healthy. Cancer cells are when the normal cell division process goes awry. When this happens cells don’t die like they’re supposed to, and new cells are produced when the body doesn’t need them. When cancer cells form a lump of tissue it’s called a tumor. There are two types of tumors, malignant, and benign. A benign tumor isn’t cancerous, and can often be removed, and in most cases, they don’t come back. Benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body like malignant tumors. Malignant tumors are cancerous. The cells within the malignant tumor spread from one part of the body to another and also invade nearby tissue which is called metastasis.
Cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control; the cells don't die, instead they continue to divide into other abnormal cells. These abnormal cells invade other tissues; this type of cancer is called metastatic cancer. If these abnormal cells get into the lymphs or the blood stream they spread and replace all other normal cells, eventually taking over the entire body and killing the person. These abnormal cancer cells are caused by damaged DNA due to sun exposure, cigarette smoke, lifestyle choices, or inherited damaged DNA. (12)
In the United States, starting from the first breast cancer case in 1930s to today, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer increases to one eighth (Gray et al.). Continuously increasing breast cancer rate has caused a lot of concerns among not only ordinary people but also scientists. For decades, scientists have been working on the causes of breast cancer in order to find the corresponding methods of treatment. However, only about 25% of the breast cancer cases got explained (Brody et al.); till today, heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental estrogen (the female sex hormone), and the dietary fat are the only major known causes (“Cover Story: Breast Cancer and Environment”). For the 75% unexplained breast cancers cases, scientists, through various of researches, have come up with several hypothetical breast cancer causes, in which synthetic chemicals and environmental radiations are the major ones.
When you think of lung cancer, you think of smoking, it is the most common cause of cancer but there are many other causes that people don’t think about. You don’t have to be a smoker to develop lung cancer, secondhand smoke, radon, diesel exhaust, air pollution, and some gene changes cause lung cancer as well. The genes that help a cell grow, divide, or stay alive are called oncogenes. The genes that slow down cell division, or cause calls to die when they are supposed to, are called tumor suppressor genes. Cancer can be caused when these oncogenes turn on, or even when these tumor suppressor genes decide to turn off. Most of the genes that cause lung cancer are developed through your life; inherited genes rarely play a huge factor in lung cancer.
Cancer has become the one of the most feared things for human beings. The various type of cancer have been discovered and there are still a lot of it that undiscoverable. Cancer is a complex disease that have a group of disease. The cancer itself cannot be describe by words. The causes of this cancer is still not being able to be discovered fully. There are only minor factor that can lead to this disease. The carcinogens are believed to be one of the causes that lead to cancer such as asbestos, radon gas, tobacco, PVC and much more from our chemical industries. The environment especially near to the industrial that produce chemical waste can be one of the causes lead to cancer. Cancer also have relation with our age, lifestyle, and diet and also can be genetically inherited. It is believed that older people have higher tendency to get cancer than younger people. Our lifestyle and diet also plays a role causing a cancer by our daily life routine. Smoking tobacco and eating unconsciously (still in research) can also increase the possibility to get cancer especially lung cancer that cause by smoking tobacco. There are several cases, cancer were inherited from their parents. Various type of viruses such as HIV, HPV, EBV and many more virus has a high capabilities to increase the chance a patient to get a cancer because these viruses lower their body immunity to disease.
Breast Cancer, as well as other forms of cancer, scientists do know how it occurs, but they do not know an exact cause. There are some genes in our body called oncogenes, genes that have potential to cause cancer, that increases the speed of cell division while other genes such as tumor suppressors, cause the cells to die at the correct time. Mutations that occur in the DNA, which “turn on” the oncogenes or “turn off” tumor suppressor genes, will cause some of the cells to be cancerous in the breast("American Cancer Society"). Also, Breast Cancer can be increased by inherited gene mutations and acquired gene mutations. The risk of Breast Cancer can be increased dramatically, through the inheritance from parent to offspring, if a mutation occurs. For example, if a suppressor gene, such as BRCA, forms a mutation, then it is likely to be passed to future generations. This gene no longer suppresses abnormal growth, therefore there is a higher chance of cancer being developed. Even though Breast Cancer can be inherited it is more likely to be acquired through one breast cell. The acquired mutations could be a result of of radiation or cancer-causing chemicals. ...
Breast Cancer is defined as “a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast” (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deaths out of 2,360 new cases. From these numbers, we can see that women in the U.S. are greatly affected by breast cancer, thus, it’s not difficult to imagine the impact on a worldwide level. Although these numbers look frightening, people can actually survive from breast cancer if it is detected early and treated properly, so it is extremely important for all of us, especially women, to have a better understanding of breast cancer.
All cancer has a genetic basis. It is triggered by mutations in the genes of a cell which then cause the cell to abnormally reproduce. Many of these gene changes are caused by random mutations when the cell is dividing. It only takes one cell mutating to cause cancer. There are no symptoms for the beginning of cancer and only five to ten percent of all cancers are caused by parents passing down genetic mutations to their children. The remaining are caused by environmental changes (Douglas).
When people hear the word cancer, they automatically think death. Worldwide cancer is the leading cause of death. Cancer is also the second leading cause of death in the United States. One out of every four deaths in the United States is due to cancer. In the year 2012 1.9 million deaths were caused by lung cancer, 745,000 deaths were caused by liver cancer, 723,000 deaths were caused by stomach cancer, 694,000 deaths were caused by colorectal cancer, 521,000 deaths were caused by breast cancer, and 400,000 deaths were caused by esophageal cancer. These cancers are also the main types of cancers.
Rosen, Leo and Rosen, Gloria. (2011).Learn About Cancer. American Cancer Society. Retrieved November 26, 2015 from http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/index
Over the past few decades, cancer has become a very prominent disease. There are many different types of cancer and many different causes of the the disease. Most cancers are caused by a genetic mutation. The most common type occurs when a cell is divided. Proto-oncogenes, which are alleles in normal cells, mutate to form oncogenes.