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concussions in children research paper
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading public health concerns today. The Center for Disease and Control (2010) reported that 1.7 million individuals sustain TBI each year). Moreover, TBI accounts to a third (30.5%) of all injury related deaths in the United States. Those who are most likely to sustain TBI are children (0-4 years), older adolescents (15-19 years) and older adults (65+ years) (CDC, 2010). This analysis will examine the prevalence, diagnosis, treatments, and prognosis of traumatic brain injuries in children.
Brain injuries can be classified into mild, moderate, and severe categories. The most commonly used assessment for classifying TBI severity is by using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). This scale assesses individual’s level of consciousness based on verbal, motor, and eye responses to stimuli. Researchers Kung et al (2010) analyzed the components of Glasgow coma scale (GCS) from 27,625 TBI cases in Taiwan. The correlation between the survival rate and certain eye (E), motor (M) and verbal (V) score combinations for GCS (scores of 6, 11, 12, &13) were found to be statistically significant. The findings indicate that the three fundamental elements comprising the Glasgow coma scale (E, M, & V) separately and in some combinations are predictive of the survival of TBI patients. The researchers assert that this observation is clinically useful when a complete GCS score cannot be obtained when evaluating TBI patients.
Confirmative neuroimaging scans plays a pivotal role in TBI diagnosis, prognosis, and deciding what treatments to give. CT is the preferred method of assessment on admission to determine structural damage and to detect (developing) intracranial hematomas (Maas, Stocchetti, Bullock, 2008).
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Tawfeeq, Mohammed M Halawani, Khulood Al-Faridi, Wa’el AAL-Shaya, Wa’el S Taha, Traumatic brain injury: neuroprotective anaesthetic techniques, an update, Injury, Volume 40, Supplement 4, November 2009, Pages S75-S81, ISSN 0020-1383, 10.1016/j.injury.2009.10.040.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020138309005609)
Yeates, Armstrong, Janusz, Taylor, Wade, Stancin, Drotar, Long-Term Attention Problems in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Volume 44, Issue 6, June 2005, Pages 574-584, ISSN 0890-8567, 10.1097/01.chi.0000159947.50523.64.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890856709616336)
Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, previously referred to as dementia pugilistica, can be understood as a tauopathic, neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disease. While there is no neurobiological or neuropathological explanation as to why CTE occurs, the majority of researchers believe the disease is strongly related to previous head injuries. An individual suffering from CTE will most likely experience changes in their mood, behavior and cognition. Because this is a relatively new area of research, there are still a vast amount of unknowns pertaining to the disease’s symptoms, pathology, and natural course.
A serious brain injury could lead to bleeding in or around your brain, causing symptoms that may develop right away or later.
Yates, Keith, et al. “Longitudinal Trajectories of Postconcussive Symptoms in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries and Their Relationship to Acute Clinical Status.” Pediatrics. 123.3 (2009) : 735-743. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.
The definition of a traumatic brain injury is damage inflicted to the head/brain due to an external mechanical force, for example falls in elderly people or road traffic accidents in younger people. A standardized approach to assessing the severity of the brain injury is advocated by the means of Glasgow coma scale (GCS). It is the universal classification system and it consists of assessing three categories; Eye, motor and verbal scales. The sum score ranges from 3 to 15. A score of 8 indicates a severe brain injury (Maas et al, 2008). Head injuries are often minor and not life-threatening. Majority of people with minor head injury will not get a subdural hematoma. However, one in three people with severe head injury will. (Willacy, 2011)
There is an estimated 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions that occur annually in the United States resulting in $76.5 billion in healthcare cost. In the high school setting concussions have been shown to have an injury rate of .23 to .25 per 1,000 athlete exposures. An almost two fold increase in concussion rate of .43 per 1,000 athlete exposures has been shown in the collegiate setting. In addition to an increased total number of concussions reported annually, there has also been an increase in the number that were seen and treated in the emergency department, perhaps as a result of the increased attention being given to this injury. From 2001 to 2009 the number of patients increased from 153,365 to 248,418, up 62%. More concussions tend to occur
Imaging utilized to support a diagnosis of a brain injury includes Computerized Tomography (CT) Scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Diffusion Tensor MRI (DTI). Brain CT is the test of choice for Emergency Department evaluation of brain injury including concussion. (15,16) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has an important role in the evaluation of patients with persistent post-traumatic sequelae. MRI is more sensitive in showing small areas of contusion or petechial hemorrhage, axonal injury, and small extra-axial hematomas. (15,16) Diffusion Tensor MRI (DTI) may be more
...rth a lot of effort to secure the damaged connections of their brain. After the trauma the person could be haunted by nightmares or constantly bothered by their inability to recall the incident fully, due to the damaged hippocampus. Trauma is as an event more overwhelming than a person ordinarily would be expected to encounter. Therefore the individual would suffer more than a few effects including eternal change such as thought process, inability to learn properly, difficulty trusting people, difficulty in socializing, and basically an inability to live their life to the fullest without distraction. If someone knew a child in danger of abuse they should call 1800-4-A-child. The longer the child is traumatized the greater the effects will be on the chemistry of their brain, and the less chance they have of overcoming the damage in order to live a life of normalcy.
Once the patient is stable and can have a CT scan done, this is the best diagnostic test to determine craniocerebral trauma. Other diagnostic studies that may be done to indicate a head injury include an MRI, PET, transcranial Doppler studies, and a cervical spine x-ray. A Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) may be used to test neurologic function. The worst score a patient can receive is a 3, with the best being a 15. A score of 8 means the person needs to be intubated. This is important to monitor because patient’s can deteriorate very quickly. Due to the magnitude of the patient’s, vital signs should be checked at least every 15 minutes. The head of the bed should be raised to 30 degrees because of the presence of possible cerebral spinal fluid from her nose. This fluid should be checked for the presence of glucose (Halo’s sign) to confirm that it is in fact cerebral spinal fluid. Intracranial pressure should be monitored using ventriculostomy, which is when a catheter is inserted into the lateral ventricle to remove cerebral spinal fluid. Along with this, supplemental oxygen should be administered to the patient via a non-rebreather mask. It is also important to initiate at least two large bore IV’s to maintain access incase the patient is to receive any medication or
Traumatic brain injury is a serious injury that can happen to anyone at anytime. It could happen in sports, car crashes, fights and everywhere in everyday life. It is very serious and has long lasting effects. It is important to realize and recognize the symptoms of TBI, so the brain can heal and function properly. Concussions are a very common form of TBI, and are heard about mostly in sports, like football and soccer. To help reduce the impact of hits that could cause a concussion, there are companies that make special padding to wear around the head, or under the helmet, in sports. However concussions and other forms of TBI are not preventable at all and can be fatal.
Brain trauma also called Traumatic brain injury is an international cause of concern on the health desk. Traumatic brain injury is considered a global epidemic of the twenty first century in the mould of malaria and HIV/AIDS. As one of the leading causes of death and disability in children and adults in their most productive years, it causes major economic and social costs and imposes considerable demands on health service provision. Brain trauma can be classified as mild, moderate or severe depending on whether injury causes unconsciousness, how long the unconsciousness lasts and the severity of the injury. In this paper the writers will closely look at the causal factors of the brain trauma like falls, motor vehicles crashes and traffic related accidents, interpersonal violence, sport and recreational related injuries, anorexia and the effects like Alzheimer diseases, behavioural effects, cognitive effects, perceptual effects and physical effects.
Over 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries are reported each year. According to reports the leading cause of brain injuries are from falls followed by motor vehicle accidents, and accidents that were a result of being struck by something. Falls account for 32.5% of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. 50% of all child brain injuries are from falling. 61 % of all traumatic brain injuries among adults are 65 years old or older. Traumatic brain injuries are very violent blows or jolts to the head or body that result in the penetration of the skull. Mild traumatic brain injuries can cause brief dysfunction of the brain cells. Serious brain injuries can cause bleeding, bruising, physical damage to other parts of the body and torn tissues. Brain injuries are more prevalent with males rather than females. Causes of brain injuries include:
Stocchetti, N., Pagan, F., Calappi, E., Canavesi, K., Beretta, L., Citerio, G., … Colombo, A., (2004). Inaccurate early assessment of neurological severity in head injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 21(9), 1131-1140. doi:10.1089/neu.2004.21.1131
Traumatic brain injury falls into two categories. Penetrating TBI, also known as open TBI, is when an object penetrates the head and enters the brain tissue. Examples of this might be a knife, bullet, hammer, baseball bat, etc. Nonpenetrating TBI, also known as closed head injury or blunt TBI is when the damage happens to the outside of the head. One of the number one causes of this type of TBI is from motor vehicle accidents, but other causes could be sports injuries where the person may have experienced excessive blows to their head, or just falling and hitting their head could cause a TBI as well. The severity of a TBI can range from a short loss
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.