The purpose of this paper is to explore relationships, which emerge, between self and others. As a foundation for understanding, “what it means to be a human being?” I will investigate the theory of the self, focusing on the philosopher Martin Heidegger. Heidegger depicts the human “being”, which he refers to as “Dasein” meaning, “to be there” (Solomon 1972), as an entity that can only be described by its relationship with the world and its environment. He talks about the interties between the tangible day-to-day world and the development of what is described as a human being (Warnock 1970). To have a clearer perspective of the “human being” it is important to understand man’s past as well as the present. Carl G Jung explores self through imagery; he makes distinct connections between myths and symbols to the unconscious mind. Jung unravels the active imagination, the dream world, referring to dreams as unconscious messages, which conveys influences exposed to the “self” which we may not be aware of.
I aim to explore the different art forms observing their attributes to a therapeutic environment. Through investigating our ability to create imagery, I hope to discover how artist media can help to communicate and clarify feelings and emotions in a safe setting. Employing a method of analogy, I aim to unfold the concept of fantasy. Identifying fantasy as an opportunity to be more exploratory with imagery in a productive manner and not as a form of escape or retreat from reality.
The focus of this essay will be on how difficult relationships can arise and the type characteristics that can be identified as key players in these difficult interactions. Through Donald Winnicott’s extensive research and observation of infant ...
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...e: 87. Publication Year: 2006.
A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Contributors: Sigmund Freud - author, G. Stanley Hall - transltr. Publisher: Horace Liveright. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1920. Page Number: 324.
The Person Who Is Me: Contemporary Perspectives on the True and False Self. Contributors: Val Richards - editor, Gillian Wilce - editor. Publisher: Karnac Books. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1996.
The Dialogical Self in Psychotherapy. Contributors: Hubert J. M. Hermans - editor, Giancarlo Dimaggio - editor. Publisher: Brunner-Routledge.
Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004.
John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. Contributors: Jeremy Holmes - author. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1993.
http://www.nmwa.org/collection/profile.asp?LinkID=471
“One On The Nature of Humans: Sigmund Frued.” Contemporay Psychoanaltic Studies 12. (2010): 73-88. Academic Search Complete. Web 30 April 2014.
Freud, S., Strachey, J., Freud, A., Rothgeb, C., & Richards, A. (1953). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (1st ed.). London: Hogarth Press.
This essay is going to describe in depth and detail the theories of Sigmund Freud's psycho dynamic approach. The strengths and weakness as an evaluation of Sigmund Freud's work. A summary and evaluation of the cognitive perspective as an alternative of human behaviour will also be identified in this essay.
This essay will compare and contrast the work of psychologists Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth. To compare and contrast will be to emphasise the similarities and differences of both Harlow and Ainsworth’s work on understanding attachment, to which they have both made great contribution. Attachment refers to the mutually affectionate developing bond between a mother and any other caregiver (Custance 2010). It is a bond in which the infant sees the caregiver as a protective and security figure. Failing to form any type of attachment during the earliest years of childhood is thought to lead to social and emotional developmental issues that can carry on well into adult life (Custance 2010). Attachment theory was formulated by psychoanalyst John Bowlby with the theory of ‘cupboard love’ (affection that is given purely to gain a reward) (Custance 2010). There are differing theories on why and how infants form attachments but this essay will concentrate on the theories of Harlow and Ainsworth.
Sigmund Freud, a physiologist, health physician, psychologist and husband of psychoanalysis, is ordinarily appreciated as one of the most influential and commanding thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud’s most meaningful and frequently reiterated allegation, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a novel science of the mind, however, this still remains the focus of much severe controversy and controversy.
Freud, Sigmund. New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis. Ed. James Strachey. Trans. James Strachey. Standard. Vol. 22. London: Hogarth Press, 1964.
Freud, Sigmund. Ego and the Id of Sigmund Freud (The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological works of Sigmund Freud Series).
The aim of this essay is to clarify the basic principles of Freud’s theories and to raise the main issues.
In the article Daydreams of What You’d Rather Be by Lance Morrow; a Harvard graduate who is a contributor to Time, proposes the idea that there is a distinct relationship in-between the self and the “anti-self”. He exposes this idea throughout by using different examples that involve numerous people, and also by using different comparisons to make his writing more relatable and more easily understood. The methods that Morrow uses to support the claims that he is making and to help uncover that message that is being emphasized in the article are essential to the meaning and the understanding. In Daydreams of What You’d Rather Be, Lance Morrow validates his main idea that underneath every person there is an “anti-self” that is just begging to be let out; by using examples of different people and situations, but also by using different comparisons and going as far as to explaining his true thoughts on this person that everyone has inside of them.
There is evidence from other theorists who support Bowlby’s theory of attachment such as Harlow whose approach is based upon a caregiver’s sensitivity and attachment. Ainsworth is another theorist whose research supports Bowlby’s theory of attachment. In her strange situation study, she tested for the attachment types and what effects they had on a child’s behaviour. “Ainsworth and Witting (1969) devised the strange situation to be able to test the nature of attachment systematically” Cardwell, M. et.al (2000). They found three attachment types, secure attachment, insecure-avoidant and insecure –resistant. They found that the different attachments had different effects on a child’s behaviour. Bowlby’s theory talks about having a secure base whi...
Freud, Sigmund, James Strachey, and Peter Gay. An Outline of Psycho-analysis. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989. Print.
Attachment theory is the idea that a child needs to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver. The theory proved that attachment is necessary to ensure successful social and emotional development in an infant. It is critical for this to occur in the child’s early infant years. However, failed to prove that this nurturing can only be given by a mother (Birns, 1999, p. 13). Many aspects of this theory grew out of psychoanalyst, John Bowlby’s research. There are several other factors that needed to be taken into account before the social worker reached a conclusion; such as issues surrounding poverty, social class and temperament. These factors, as well as an explanation of insecure attachment will be further explored in this paper.
John Bowlby’s attachment theory established that an infant’s earliest relationship with their primary caregiver or mother shaped their later development and characterized their human life, “from the cradle to the grave” (Bowlby, 1979, p. 129). The attachment style that an infant develops with their parent later reflects on their self-esteem, well-being and the romantic relationships that they form. Bowlby’s attachment theory had extensive research done by Mary Ainsworth, who studied the mother-infant interactions specifically regarding the theme of an infant’s exploration of their surrounding and the separation from their mother in an experiment called the strange situation. Ainsworth defined the four attachment styles: secure, insecure/resistant, insecure/avoidant and disorganized/disoriented, later leading to research studies done to observe this behavior and how it affects a child in their adolescence and adulthood.
Erik Erikson was a psychologist who did most of his work in the post-Freudian era, in the 1930s to the 1950s. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. Erikson ideas, though, were greatly influenced by Freud, emphasises the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself. Like Freud, Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development. For Erikson, these crises are of a psychosocial in nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual conflicting with the needs of society. According to the theory, successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues. Basic virtues are characteristic strengths which the ego can use to resolve subsequent crises. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self. These stages, however, can be resolved successfully at a later time. In this essay the writer will evaluate Erikson’s psychosocial stages of human development and its contribution to the study of human development.
Self-identity is one of the main themes of philosophy throughout its history. In general, “self-identity” is a term that means thoughts or feelings with which you distinguish you from others, and we use the term in ordinary conversation without a solid concept of “self-identity”. However, arguing about self-identity philosophically, there arise many questions: whether there is any essence of yourself, whether you are the same person as you when you were a baby, whether memory or experience makes you, and what is “self-identity.” To solve these questions, many philosophers have been arguing the topic “self identity” for so long.