The concept of extinction in behavior analysis refers to the ending of a reinforcer, causing the target behavior to cease over time (Cooper, 2007). For extinction to occur, there are three criteria that must be present. The first refers to a behavior that was reinforced at one point. One example of a common reinforcement strategy is a baby crying in the crib. The child will cry, the parents will enter the room- this positively reinforces the child 's’ crying, leading to an increase of the behavior in the future. The second criterion discusses the cease of previous reinforcement for the target behavior. For the baby crying example, this would be the parent’s no longer entering the room when the child is crying- in an attempt to no longer reinforce the behavior. The final criterion is when the reinforcement is stopped, the behavior no longer presents itself in the future. At this point, extinction has been reached for the target behavior. A behavior will continue to present itself as long as …show more content…
Rather than pairing a CS cue with another memory in the time-frame of the traumatic memory, they focused on pairing a CS of hyperarousal (or trauma-associated cues) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). The other group in the study utilized an unpaired extinction method with an UCS because previous research showed an extinction-like effect occurring by using this method- the conditioned responses of the traumatic experience seemed to extinguish themselves (Burhans, 2015). Rather than pairing a traumatic stimulus with the conditioned response of hyperarousal or other PTSD responses, the pairing is taken place with a completely UCS, which proved to be more effective in reaching extinction (Burhans, 2015). One reason this may prove to be beneficial is because the pairing of a completely UCS allows the individual to no longer relate to the CS that elicits a conditioned response
The authors used incidents and case studies to identify these two levels. First, collective actions of tourism industry increased marine litter (including oil spillages and garbage), reduced biodiversity or extinction, and disturbed wildlife. The authors showed that even behaviors such as intertidal trampling and beach-cleaning also have damaging effects on coastal ecology. Second, individual actions of tourists can directly cause physical harm or kill sea creatures. The report suggested that
usually from specific traits seen in skulls. Which, as we have learned from Prost’s study in skeletal growth and development in his book "Who were the Neanderthals?", does not necessarily reflect genetic heritage and may just be examples of variation within a range of normal. This indicates, to me at least, that the task at hand is to determine exactly which traits are the synapomorphies we can use to distinguish separation. We must be sure that the synapomorphies we observe really are synapomorphies
Evolution of Applied Behavior Analysis and the Role of Shaping Shaping is a technique used in behavior modification, which specifically refers to the molding of a subject to respond in a specific way through the use of reinforcement of successive approximations. By reinforcing the desired behavior, a new behavior can be achieved, improving the quality of life. It is used in behavior modification in conjunction with reinforcements, punishments, extinction, fading and chaining. The process of
(Harzem, 2004). In this publication, there is a clear sense of his methodological objections to introspection and to experimental psychology’s unified focus on consciousness, according to Watson there are researchers of his time that studied animal behavior that were often compelled to speculate how their behavioral outcomes informed an understanding of human consciousness (Madden, 2013) In Watson’s view, mental life was conceived to not simply exist with discarding the long-standing concern with conscious
Donald Norman, an American Product designer, in his book Emotional Design mentions, the beauty of a product can elicit positive emotions such as pleasure and these can alter how we think and behave. Interacting with a pleasing, attractive product “the behavior seems to go along more smoothly, more easily, and better (Norman, 2002). attractive things make people feel good resulting in a positive emotional state. Appreciated aesthetics in turn opens up the cognitive system making people think more creatively
Evolution & Creationism in Education The twentieth century has witnessed the escalation of the creation - evolution debate through famous court cases and Supreme Court decisions on the teaching of evolution in public schools, culminating most recently in a Kansas Board of Education decision. As this highly controversial issue of the teaching of evolution in American classrooms rages on, it may be difficult for some individuals of Christian faith to form an alternative belief other than the extremes
worms and corals have acquired the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in asexual and sexual reproduction both from a biological and an evolutionary standpoint and to explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Introduction: Soft corals are very widespread among the Great Barrier Reef and other Indo-Pacific coral reefs. On the Great Barrier Reef they may cover up to 37%
considerations there are four main topics. Reductionism, falsifiability, universality and retrospective accounts and fallible memories. As Reductionism is the idea to explain the behaviors of human reducing the way of explaning the psyche function of psychodynamic. It is often in literary psychobiographies, which explains the behavior of some famous person but it cant hurt anyone, except it might ruin the persons reputation on the subject. Fasifiability it’s “ theory that is impossible to disconfirm
of an organism, they combine it with biotechnology so that the process much more specific and doesn’t waste time and the lives of those organisms. Selective breeding is carried out by both commercial and hobby breeders. Breeding must be carried out within the same species, if it is carried out with two different species then they can’t breed together. Animals that are bred are known as breeds, whereas plants which are bred are known as varieties or cultivars. The outcome of cross breeding animals
Domestic Animals and the Land Ethic: A Response to J. Baird Callicott Preface Both “Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce” by Mark Sagoff and “All Animals Are Equal” by Peter Singer seem to ignore a fundamental defining characteristic of animals, namely their level of domestication. These two essays’ assumptions and exclusions inspired me to think more about domestication. Partially through the process of brainstorming and outlining my arguments, I read
The epidemiology of both dengue and West Nile Virus (WNV) are based on mosquito patterns and their interaction with human. Dengue has plagued nearly every continent and continues to be a major public health problem. WNV, on the other hand, is a relatively new human public health problem, especially in the US. It might be possible to model control efforts found effective against the globally distributed dengue for control of West Nile Virus right here in the US. I was in high school when WNV hit my
diverse cultures, unforgivable power structures, passionate religious expressions, not to mention the late twentieth century pressures of global capitalism. Though many characters both principle and complimentary have passed away amid this cultural evolution, a musical lineage bears witness to the island’s history. This study will focus on cultural themes in Jamaica’s colonial history which contributed to the retention of distinctively African forms of musical expression. The goal of such an approach