The prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis has not only impacted India it has impacted other countries like Africa. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is when the regular medicine such as isoniazid and rifampicin one of the two anti-tuberculosis drugs used, the resistance can occur either through not following the proper treatment guidelines or from a drug resistant bacteria, tuberculosis can be caused from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis a bacteria that causes tuberculosis which attacks the lungs. Tuberculosis occurs through droplet infection and is extremely contagious, due the nature of being multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant (XDR-TB) many of the medications are expensive and hard to come by.
MDR-TB is caused by improper adherence to the treatment that the person is said to be on, MDR-TB can also be caused to someone who had a previous case of tuberculosis. The treatment of MDR-TB is expensive and the scarcity of funding is debilitating the further treatment of tuberculosis as well as its different forms, tuberculosis could prove to be fatal if not treated in the appropriate amount of time. The MDR-TB patients had seen weight loss, the amount of time for recuperation for the patients was longer than the time taken for the drug resistant tuberculosis. The availability of cheaper, and less toxic drugs would help with the treatment of tuberculosis as well as better attention in hospitals and other institutions.
India is one of the countries with the most number of XDR-TB cases recorded. The early detection of tuberculosis is expensive but is needed to save the people from dyeing, this problem arises due to the lack of funding provided for the research and treatment of tuberculosis....
... middle of paper ...
... treatment of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis." Journal of Infection and Public Health Available online 9 November 2013 (2013): n. pag. ScienceDirect. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.
"Resources." ACTION.org. Global Health Advocacy Leadership, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. .
"The five elements of DOTS." WHO. WHO, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. .
"Tuberculosis Diagnositics Xpert MTB/RIF Test." World Health Organization. WHO, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. .
Prasad, R. "Paediatric TB: should Xpert molecular test replace smear microscopy?." The Hindu. The Hindu, n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2013. .
A low-grade fever, weight loss, lethargy, night sweats, respiratory congestion, cough, and hemoptysis, are symptoms indicative of Tuberculosis. A positive skin test, abnormal chest x-ray and a positive sputum culture are indicators of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets containing bacteria. This excerpt depicts tuberculosis and its history and prevalence.
Tuberculosis or known as TB remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in developing countries. A combination of factors including high costs, limited resources and the poor performance of various diagnostic tests make the diagnosis of TB difficult in developing countries. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014), one third of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis. In 2012, nearly nine million people around the world become sick with tuberculosis disease, and there were around one point three million TB related deaths worldwide.
Active TB patients are IGRA positive and are symptomatic. The granuloma model: macrophages get infected in non-activated macrophages, necrosis occurs, lymphocytes also activate macrophages. MTB continue to grow and spread. The tubercles bexome liuqified and extracellular bacterial growth ensue, releases liquifed caseous material into the bronchiole causes causing and this can be transmitted tooter people.
Education can be a powerful weapon in fighting tuberculosis in the United States also around the world. Today, it is encouraging how so many people know how TB contracts human and what cause drug resistant effects among those who are under TB treatment.
A chest x-ray is used occasionally to detect lung damage in TB patients. What is the radiologist looking for in the x-ray?
Throughout many years tuberculosis has atrociously affected the lives of many people. Many have suffered a horrible death due to this horrid disease. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease due to mycobacterium tuberculosis, which initiated about one hundred fifty million years ago. Skeletal abnormalities typical for tuberculosis were found in Egyptian mummies back in 2400 BC. In ancient Greece the Greeks seemed very familiar with tuberculosis only they called it Phtisis. Many years later a disease that was called “ scrofula” was described to be a certain form of tuberculosis. It was referred to as “king’s evil” in England and France, and they believed it could be cured by a royal touch. This practice was put to an end in the year 1714.
In conclusion, the prospects of controlling or eradicating Tuberculosis will be a difficult and lengthy task. In Social Science & Medicine, Jaramillo (1999) argued that the “current tuberculosis epidemic has persisted because current tuberculosis control programs focus exclusively on the biological cause and fail to take into account an integrated model of the causality of tuberculosis including biological, behavioural, and socioeconomic forces.” Therefore, control and eradication will only be possible with a more active worldwide public health policy with those most vulnerable, for example those who are HIV positive are given extra screening. As HIV keeps global TB infection rates high, only with more effective management of HIV patients will it be possible to control tuberculosis.
...Department of Health and Human Services of United States proposed a goal to completely abolish tuberculosis from the Earth by 2010. However, several Missouri counties have stated tuberculosis' recent rise and saying it still is a threat as it is airborne and infectious; tuberculosis will persist to be a peril to humanity (Nochlin, 2010). People still need to defeat various obstacles to reach that goal as AIDS and TB are cooperating to kill victims faster as well as intensifying the dangers of certain TB. Different parts of the world are also in danger, including India and Africa and Africa is particularly in great danger. Twenty-five million there are HIV-positive and 200 million are infected with inactive TB (Zimmerman, 2003). Certainly, these statistics forecast an inevitable massacre and the white death may become the greatest health disaster in human history.
One of the first steps to treating Tuberculosis is identifying which form has developed in the body. The two forms that could progress in the body are latent Tuberculosis infection and active Tuberculosis infection (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis is the dormant form of the bacteria, meaning that it is inactive and doesn?t cause an infectious reaction in the body. Even if the latent form enters the body, treatment should be sought (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Latent Tuberculosis can become active Tuberculosis easily though, especially if the immune system is compromised by another infection, like HIV (CDC, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports). Active Tuberculosis infects the body immediately. Symptoms show in the body meaning the bacteria is effecting the cells of the body. Identifying the form is important because treatment is dependent upon it. Testing for TB involves a skin test, usually within seven work-days of contact with the bacteria. Without knowing what is in the body, the drugs won?t be as effective and might even cause drug-resistance.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that can attack any part of the body, but it is normally found in the lungs (Huether, McCance, Brashers and Rote, 2008,). TB is an infection caused by a acid-fast bacillus also know as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Huether et al. 2008) It is one of the leading causes of death in Asia, China, Indian, Indonesia and Pakistan (Huether et al. 2008). These countries show that in most cases the incidence rate is highest in young adults, and are usually the result from re-infection in recent infections. The spread of TB is attributed to the emigration of infected people from high-prevalent countries, substance abuse, poverty, transmission in crowd places, and the lack of proper medical care for the infected individuals (Huether et al. 2008).
"TUBERCULOSIS DIAGNOSTICS Xpert MTB/RIF Test." . World Health Organization, n.d. Web. 13 May 2014. .
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that affects the lungs caused by an acid-fast bacillus M. tuberculosis (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010, p. 1293). It is also considered as the leading cause of death from a curable infectious disease worldwide. It is highly contagious and the mode of transmission is by airborne droplets. A person can be exposed to the infection but not develop the illness, which is called latent TB infection. Unless the person is immunocompromised, some people remain asymptomatic until the disease is advanced. Signs and symptoms of TB includes fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, and low grade fever that occurs in the afternoon. Diagnosis of the disease can be made through positive tuberculin skin test, sputum culture, immunoassays, and chest radiographs.
Tuberculosis in the 1980s were evident through the several years of rising case accounts to its highest point in 1992 this is alarmingly high because the disease travels through the air. As a result, it affects more people, worsening the impact of this disease. It also the impact the lack of education; corrupt living conditions, famine, deprived usage of health care, shortage vaccination charges and poor treatments all contribute to high tuberculosis cases consequence affecting thousand deaths.
Infection rates of TB are high, especially when in frequent or close contact with individuals with active TB. One study estimates an infection rate of about 22% and a diagnosis with positive sputum smear is the strongest indicator of infectiousness. 19 However, contrary to common belief, sputum smear-negative patients are also infectious, with a study in San Francisco attributing 17% of transmissions to such cases. 20
7.) Shiel, Jr., MD, FACP, FACR , William C.. Tuberculosis Skin Test. 18 Sept 2005 MedicineNet, Inc.. 23 July 2006 .