Controversy surrounds the debate on the impact of vision and visual functioning on academic performance, especially in the area of reading ability. Factions of the medical community dispute research findings and discount the necessity of healthy eye functioning as a factor in achievement. However, a plethora of scientific studies support the relationship between vision deficiencies and poor school performance. This literature review compiles the findings of many years of research to describe common visual deficiencies, to validate their impact on academics and reading, as well as provide recommendations for educators working with students exhibiting characteristics of vision problems.
Summary of Research
Since experts estimate that 80% of acquired information originates as visual input, healthy vision is the foundation of learning (Thau, 1991). Many people equate good eyesight with 20/20 vision, otherwise known as the ideal degree of visual acuity; however, the vision process involves other components as well. Rouse (1984) categoried these functions into visual skills efficiency and visual perceptual-motor development.
Visual skills efficiency refers to eye teaming (binocular), focusing (accommodative) and tracking (oculomotor) abilities. According to Gallaway (2010), “The average elementary school child spends 54% of classroom time involved in reading and desk work each day, with an additional 21% in copying tasks” (p. 232). These activities require the use of all three of these visual skills. Due to the overwhelming strain on the eyes, students with visual skill deficiencies often experience visual fatigue and exhibit task avoidance and inattentiveness (Rouse & Ryan, 1984).
Binocular vision represents the eyes’ ability to w...
... middle of paper ...
..., H. S., Park, S. C., & Park, C. M. (2009). Relationship between accommodative and vergence dysfunctions and academic achievement for primary school children. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 29(6), 615-624. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00684.x
Thau, A.P. (1991). Vision and literacy. Journal of Reading, 35(3), 196-199. Retrieved from http://jstor.org/stable/40033177 on June 4, 2014
Vaughn, W., Maples, W. C., & Hoenes, R. (2006). The association between vision quality of life and academics as measured by the College of Optometrists in Vision Development Quality of Life questionnaire. Optometry-Journal of the American Optometric Association, 77(3), 116-123. doi: 10.1016/j.optm.2006.01.004
Walline, J.J., & Johnson Carder, E.D. (2012). Vision problems of children with individualized education plans [Electronic version]. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 23, 87-93.
Reading involves translating symbols and letters into words or sentences. Anderson defines reading as a process of constructing meaning from a written text. We indulge in reading for many different purposes, be it survival, leisure or occupational. In a way, reading serves as a kind communication between the writer and the reader. The writer encodes what he or she wishes to convey while the reader decodes according to his or her own perception. Johnson quotes “A young man should read five hours in
There are many different visions that can be found throughout the 1964 movie and the Enduring Vision and Voices readings. The two visions that stuck out the most to me were the fight for equality, and the war against poverty. As the year 1964 started people were hoping for a fresh start, it had only been 5 weeks since the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the American public was afraid of its own vulnerability. Lindon B. Johnson was sworn into presidency, which Conservatives thought would destroy
Vision and lines of sight in literary texts not only serve as a guide for the journey the reader is going to take but also as a barrier in which directs the lives of the characters in the story. In this essay I will be discussing two novels ‘’the turning Tim Winton’’ and ‘’Carpentaria Alexis Wright’’ and the vision theme that is involved within them. Vision as a theme in novels gives the reader an opportunity to create their own image giving a deeper understanding of what the scenery is like and
I began reading this book I was told that it would challenge me to go beyond an average life. The book keep point is to be audacious in your faith. The book gives us a story of Stephen, and his walk from the start of his church, and what it took to get where it is now. The book also gives testimonials of people who have walked out in this same faith, and the results that they began to see from it. Three key points that stood out to me, and have impacted me in this book is to have a vision, have audacious
Reading Woes Ever since I can remember I have had a difficult time reading. I would dread being chosen to read in front of the class because I was so embarrassed by my reading skills. I had a difficult time recognizing words and read painfully slow. I was very aware that I was not intellectually equal with my peers. I had always strived to be, just an average reader. I had the same teacher for second and third grade. Her name was Mrs. Combi. Mrs. Combi was an older women, who loved her job and
Unfortunately, a number of people only begin to care for their vision only once they already have concerns on their vision. Care for the eye is really important and this article will aid you to see this. What is an optometrist? Optometrists are experts specializing in vision care. They perform eye testing to identify irregularities or diseases of the eyes. They're also masters in the use of eye glasses as well as contact lenses to fix distinct vision ailments. Additionally, they review the condition of both
Vision is the sense that let people have fun by seeing things and how other people look like so they can judge who is beautiful and who's not. Some people don't know how important vision is. Actually, I'm one of those people who didn't know how important vision was so I used my eyes pretty much and lost most of my eyesight. I used to watch TV everyday, play pc games and stay up late until I get tired. Now, I regret for what I?ve done to my eyes and hopes I can bring back my vision. What really bugs
how a student will read orally. Furthermore, 50% of children with reading disabilities have a deficit in language-based reading, and phonic retrieval. Knowing this information, the classroom, teacher,
observant with the vision and direction of our county. He noticed that not
The school houses approximately 1,100 students with 90 staff members ,1 assistant principal. The school vision is to increase academic performance for all students in all content areas by providing teachers with the appropriate tools to improve the teaching and the learning of students. The Instructional Leadership team will address the challenges of encountering the necessities of all students by structuring and leading the strategic plan designed to change the teaching and learning. Through the
blind. Legal blindness refers to central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less (Gretchyn 1). African-Americans and Hispanics are at higher risks for blindness and vision impairment than Caucasians because they are at higher risk for developing diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma (Gardner 2) . There are aids for hearing disabilities and physical disabilities but what about aids for visual disabilities?Visual
while the latter one is for the people to function in the community such as shopping. This may sound easy for a normal human being. However, for a low vision patient, even a very simple task will be a challenge. Low vision refers to impairment of vision which cannot be corrected by surgical or medical means or by standard refractive correction. Low vision patients should have the distance acuity of 6/18 or even poorer to light perception, or with significant visual field loss. With such a poor visual
Reading Reflection: Christian Leadership Essentials Summary When it comes to leading people, it becomes a laborious task. It takes a unique individual to be able to lead people. As a leader, you will encounter many obstacles, and a person must be able to cope with these obstacles and be able to keep a level head so that you can get things going back in the right direction. Furthermore, through hard work and dedication success is inevitable. Christian Leadership Essentials is a brilliant book
but soon after she moved and created two of her own monasteries due to a vision. During her time at the monastery Hildegard wrote many books. These books included ones on her visions, biblical commentaries and a medical/natural-scientific text along with multiple musical compositions. It is thought
blunt instrument. The Laser beam which is normally guided by a computer is then used to vaporize tiny amounts of tissue under the surface of the cornea. This procedure removes just enough tissue in order to reshape the cornea in a way that corrects vision. Laser Assisted in situ Keratomileusis The surgeon first cuts a flap in the cornea with a very sharp blade or a laser, and then lifts it and uses a computer-guided laser in order to remove calculated amount of tissue from the inside layers of the