Benefits and risks of Isoniazid:
1033 patients were studied to deduce the complications of isoniazid (INH). They were given d INH for at least 18 months, with or without other drugs. Out of the 25 patients who developed hepatitis, only three cases were actually due to INH: (0.29%). There was also a case of chronic liver disease which may have been due to Isoniazid in 2 patients. The biggest concern with Isoniazid was the development of central nervous system disorders, which was mainly peripheral neuropathy, in 12 patients. However this isn’t a large cause for concern as the study was published in 1978 and now in treatment there are drugs available to take in combination with isoniazid to prevent peripheral neuropathy. Although Isoniazid is safe it is never taken alone. It is taken in combination with Rifampicin, and out of the 25 patients developing hepatitis the majority of them (15) were due to rifampicin31. This is a larger percentage of 1.5%, however the value is not larger to deem Rifampicin unsafe. Overall it was decided:
‘When the risk of hepatitis was compared with the risks of developing, or dying from, tuberculosis, it was found that the benefits of INH chemoprophylaxis outweighed the risks’31
This information was published by the government and had a sample size of ‘1033’ people, also Isoniazid chemoprophylaxis was used for 18 months; more than twice the duration that isoniazid in combination with other drugs would be used in treatment today. So patients may be less likely to develop symptoms. Although this trial is old, it is very reliable as it has a large sample size and is unbiased as the information is from a MEDLINE database. Also as this was a large study, it can be assumed it was carried out fairly and there w...
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...much knowledge in the field required to write the book. Also the publishers of this book, ‘Chelsea house Publisher’, are a globally known, well respected publisher and have published many award winning titles.
Another source I used was the journal article ‘Hydrogen peroxide in the human body’ by Barry Halliwell. This is a reliable source as the article has been peer reviewed: a process which involves many professional reviewers examining the content of the article for accuracy and providing critique. In order for the article to be published, reviewers must agree the article is exceptional and fully accurate. Halliwell is a professor and earned a BA in biomedicine from the University of Oxford. He was the head of a universities biochemistry department, and dedicated much of his life to research. He is a highly educated professor, confirming he is a reliable source.
As proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Omeprazole and Lansoprazole are effective therapeutic agents for Peptic ulcers. But which one is more effective as a PPI and highly useful for peptic ulcers disease. The basis of the distinction lies in the pharmacological safety and efficacy of each PPI, which is assessed in this paper in a head to head comparison. After obtaining the relevant literature from Database PubMed and Proquest, it is sufficient to conclude that Lansoprazole proved to be a more effective and safe than Omeprazole.
Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991. Clark, Larry. A. A. "*******your essay ideas*******." E-Mail message. 10 March 1996.
...hat riluzole 100mg per day would provide benefits to the homogenous groups of patients with no evidence of heterogeneity. Also there was a 9% gain in the probability of surviving one year. Furthermore there was a small beneficial effect on both bulbar and limb functions but had no effect on muscle strength. Another significant effect which is represented in these results are a threefold increase in serum alanine transferase, this was more frequent in riluzole treated patients than the controls in the experiment (Wahl, 1997).
Brief Summary: This article produced by Encyclopaedia Britannica helped further the understanding on what Hydrogen Peroxide is and what it is used for.
An estimated one third of the world 's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In 2012 there were 9,975 cases of TB reported and of those cases 28% where Hispanic or Latino. This respiratory disease is the most common in the lungs (World Health Organization, 2014). The brain which causes tuberculosis meningitis, genitourinary TB, gastrointestinal TB, tuberculosis lymphadenitis, cutaneous TB, uterus ovarian TB and Osteo- articular skeletal bone and joints are also parts of the body that are affected (Article base, 2008). Symptoms of TB are chills, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis, cough lasting more than 3 weeks, chest pains, and weight loss (Tuberculosis, 2014). Transmission of TB is through a sneeze, a cough, speaking, or singing in which the person has the
Since whitening agents produce free radicals, some people may question the carcinogenicity of those products. A literature review conducted by Munro et al in 2006 looked at more than 100 clinical studies. Results showed that there is no date to show that hydrogen peroxide poses a carcinogenic risk to human oral mucosa at the exposure levels associated with tooth whitening. Mice models did show that hydrogen peroxide at high levels is genotoxic and carcinogenic, but humans posses more catalase activity than animals. Also, hydrogen peroxide concentrations were found to be highest in the gingiva, but this is a site where oral cancer is rarely found.
Tuberculosis or TB, referred to by some as the White death due to the epidemic that arose in Europe that lasted two hundred years, is usually caused by in humans by a microorganism by substrains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It’s hard to determine the exact years in which TB first infected humans, but since the disease leaves traces on the bone in can be found in archeological record and it is believed to go all the way back to the B.C. era. Although it is hard to tell if the bone damage was truly from TB, there is research that shows that it has been around since the 17th and 18th centuries with a high number of incidences of TB, and in 1882 Dr. Robert Koch announced that his discovery of the causing factor of TB, which is Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A tuberculosis bacterium is spread through the air by an infected person speaking, coughing, or sneezing. Due to the fact the bacteria is protected by a waxy cell all, the body’s defense takes weeks to develop any kind of immunity and it allows the bacteria to exponentially multiply freely within the body. If TB it’s left untreated it will eat rapidly through many tissues, usually beginning with the lungs, lymph nodes, and kidneys. As the infection spreads to the lungs, it causes a cough and fluid between the chest wall and lungs, which leads to chest pains, severe shortness of breath, and potential heart failure. TB also infects bones and joints that can produce arthritis like pain and characteristic bone damage. Another possibility is that it may affect the fluid around the brain, causing meningitis, which can lead to fever, drowsiness, and eventually coma and death (Wingerson, 2009).
Tuberculosis has many forms that can invade the body. Many cures involve drugs and multiple combinations of the drugs. Drugs are used in combinations because tuberculosis can travel to different parts of the body. One of the causes for the spread of tuberculosis around the world is the emergence drug- resistance strain. Tuberculosis can become resistant to most, if not all, of the drugs that are used to treat tuberculosis.
My hypothesis on Tuberculosis is that it is a very deadly disease that causes a persons lungs to fill with blood. This can harm the body by making the body suffocate itself when the lungs fill with blood.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that can attack any part of the body, but it is normally found in the lungs (Huether, McCance, Brashers and Rote, 2008). TB is an infection caused by an acid-fast bacillus also known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Huether et al. 2008) It is one of the leading causes of death in Asia, China, India, Indonesia and Pakistan (Huether et al. 2008). The 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the 'Secondary' of the These countries show that in most cases the incidence rate is highest in young adults, and are usually the result of re-infection in recent infections. The spread of TB is attributed to the emigration of infected people from high-prevalent countries, substance abuse, poverty, transmission in crowd places, and the lack of proper medical care for the infected individuals (Huether et al. 2008).
"Chapter 6 Treatment of Tuberculosis Disease." . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d. Web. 13 May 2014. .
Reinarman, Craig and Peter D. A. Cohen and Hendrien L. Kaal. “The Limited Relevance of Drug
Tuberculosis needed to be treated otherwise it can be deadly. It can affect lungs and all other parts ...
Its epidemiological importance is illustrated by World Health Organization Prevention of Tuberculosis includes better living conditions, proper nutrition, and positive health practices” (Fogel, 2015, p.530). Positive health practices include covering nose and mouth when coughing and frequent hand washing. Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccine tends to be given in other countries. Tuberculosis is known as one of the main causes of mortality in the world. This communicable disease is a serious public health conundrum. “The disease still puts a strain on public health, being only second to HIV/AIDS in causing high mortality rates” (Matteelli, Roggi, & Carvalho, 2014, p.
Active tuberculosis only develops in about 10% of infected persons, remaining dormant in the rest; although the latent infection may later progress to active disease years later, especially in immune-compromised individuals. 9 Infection by MTBC may involve any organ of the body, but clinical presentation is most common in the lungs (pulmonary TB). General symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and severe cough with bloody sputum (hemoptysis) which may lead to death if untreated. 10 Mortality rates without treatment are high: in a study of natural history of TB in HIV-negative patients, 70% died within 10 years. 11 Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in the world...