Which urban planning strategies would be most effective in improving health in developing countries? Provide explanations, relevant evidence and specific examples to support your reasoning.
Urbanization is now increasing in the world especially in developing countries. This causes lots of effect on citizens’ health which is the heart of the ‘standard of living’ in the 19th century (Leon, 2007). Moreover, different strategies are required to solve the consequences of these effects. This essay will describe three effective strategies to improve the health of citizens, inclusive of improving transport system , water and sanitation .
The first strategy to improve the health of city resident in developing countries is to increase the efficiency of transport system to reduce the number of private vehicles. According to Moore et al. (2002), in developing countries, the major cause of morbidity like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lead and beryllium poisoning and mortality is air pollution which three-quaters is caused by motor vehicular exhaust. Furthemore, the honking and ...
It is the interrelationships among these factors that determine individual and population health. Because of these, interventions that target multiple determinants of health are most likely to be effective. Determinants of health reach beyond the boundaries of traditional health care and public health sectors; sectors such as education, housing, transportation, agriculture, and environment can be important allies in improving population health. Policies at the local, state, and federal level affect individual and population health. .Some policies affect entire populations over extended periods of time while simultaneously helping to change individual
Urban Consolidation Factors and Fallacies in Urban Consolidation: Introduction As proponents of urban consolidation and consolidated living continue to manifest in our society, we must ensure that our acknowledgment of its benefits, and the problems of its agitator (sprawl), do not hinder our caution over its continually changing objectives. Definition Like much urban policy, the potential benefits that urban consolidation and the urban village concept seek to offer are substantially undermined by ambiguous definition. This ambiguity, as expressed through a general lack of inter-governmental and inter-professional cohesion on this policy, can best be understood in terms of individual motives (AIUSH,1991). * State Government^s participatory role in the reduction of infrastructure spending.
In the next decades, pollution is said to become one of the major causes for death in many urban cities. Pollution is
Washington, D.C. was the first capital in the world to be strategically chosen, designed and built. It was established by President George Washington. Washington was given this power to select a permanent capital under the terms of the Constitution (1787) and the Residence Act of 1790, which authorized him to pick an exact location for the country’s new, permanent capital city as well as to choose commissioners to plan and build it within ten years . The process of designing Washington is considered an example of what historic preservationists have defined as urban planning today.
“Early cities emerged to facilitate trade or as centers of political and/or religious authority. All of these cities brought people of different cultures into close contact and fostered change, either in the form that Redfield & Singer (1954) called orthogenetic transformation (shifts from diverse local traditions toward orthodox Great Traditions) or heterogenetic transformation (fostering new modes of thought associated with the technical order or foreign control)”. Through the practice of urbanization, London in the early 1800s became a city in which individuals began living in close contact. As cities began developing, the overall health of citizens began deteriorating. “Urbanization in industrialized and developing countries has brought about increased human exposure to health hazards: biological, chemical, physical, social and psychological. At greatest health risk are the urban poor in developing
When urban planners sit at a table, and they are deciding what actions to take, they look at location as a primary source for putting cities together, with the development of houses, industries, and places for market goods to be sold while always trying to increase the supply and demand. In order to get from one place to the next, transportation methods were created to combat city growth and create valuable mechanisms of transporting goods and services within a market. Individuals determined to make things work within a given city constantly recreate, and challenge the laws of nature to make it fit their vision, because entrepuners want to bring character to cities by making them viable places to reside, consequences such as poverty , death, and poorly developed cities arose. Urban planning for city development is a constant battle between losers in winners in the struggle to manage population growth and the need for its current and future sustainability.
Describe the factors that influenced your decision to locate your urban area where you did. Remember to identify factors that influenced the location of you CDB.
There is social economic diversity which is as a result of high population in some cities as compared to others. Industrial cities take the biggest effects while the lower populated cities have lower cases. The densely populated cities spent more on health care and not just on direct costs but on other long term costs resulting from the spillover effects on health.
The overall goal for this assessment is to enable a sharing information through collaboration among community partners to promote a healthy communities where people live, work, and play. The steps to complete one is for clinic, hospital, and local health departments to all keep a record of the health status of their patients. Then without exposing the patient’s medical record/personal information just give an overall rating/occurrence of the health issue(s). It is important to conduct them because it is important to know the cause of health issues, the number of times that it is occurring, the age and race group the health issue occurs the most in, and the environmental risk factor that contributes to the disease, One of the case study topic is Sharma’s Village. It is important to conduct a community health needs assessment because it kept records of Sharma’s Village and how disease are spreading. The records that they record about environmental risk factors helps us to understand and stop/control the
In 1961, the Housing Act was amended to address the displacement that was caused as a result of urban development. In its guidelines, $200 was provided for families who were displaced due to these renewal projects (Groth, 282). The new Housing Act gave no mention towards single individuals, who experienced the greatest amount of displacement and had the highest amount of financial burden to relocating. To create guidelines for individuals, the Urban Renewal Administration (under the federal Housing and Home Finance agency created in 1947) "authorized local authorities to pay each single SRO person a relocation fee of $5, approximately cab fare out of the neighborhood" (Groth, 282). Residents who previously thrived in their community suddenly
The United States was very much a rural state in the past and it took us a long time to change and become an urban majority than a rural one. The United States began shifting from rural to urban around 1910 through 1920 and surprisingly is still shifting to this day. Rural culture is nothing to be looked down upon but the benefits from urban areas outweigh the rural in many aspects. Without the rise of urbanization we would not be the colony and superpower we are today.
Many cities are currently affected by air pollution and Hong Kong is one example. Hong Kong’s air pollution level often exceeds the recommended air pollution level put out by the World Health Organization, and Hong Kong’s pollution index was at “very high” meaning that it exceeded 101, for 34% of the time (Hunt, 2011). Another example, when Hong Kong excee...
There are many inequities in this global world; should there be such gross inequities in the health of people around the world? We hear words like health gap, health care inequality and sustainability. What can be done to eliminate the health gap, health care inequities and maintain sustainability? The World Health Organization (WHO) and other organizations, private and public are working towards eliminating these disparities. Healthy People 2020 are one such goal that has achieved considerable progress in attaining sustainability in the pursuit of global health goals (Gostin et al., 2013). The health gap can be minimized through health strategies. Among them are essentials for all in this global world; clean air, water, healthy food and adequate housing with hygienic living conditions. Primary, secondary, tertiary prevention and care services should be available to all who seek health care services.
As many believe driving our cars and polluting the air doesn’t do much harm. Environmentalist suggests Air pollution to be a big factor in Infant Mortality Rates. In continent of Asia gas powered vehicles are roaming the streets with hefty amount of individuals on the roads and homes nearby. In addition to big factories polluting the air with homes of pregnant mothers nearby. One of many pollutants that contribute to this rate is Carbon Monoxide (CO). This reduces body to deliver oxygen to tissues and organs (Benjamin). Air pollution is a hefty factor that contributes to Asia high infant mortality
...ffects on human health. These have high negative effects on low income areas, as a result of pollution, visual, oral and air, as well as high levels of overcrowding. The World Health Organisation predicts that in the next 30years most of the world’s population growth will occur in cities and towns of poor countries. This rapid, unplanned and unsustainable pattern of urbanisation, is creating cities into focal points for environmental and health hazards (World Medical Association, 2010).