Did Suharto’s New Order successfully construct a homogenous Pancasila national identity for Indonesia?
- Why would they want to homogenise culture? o Ethnic tensions and loyalties viewed as a threat
• Regional rebellions as examples o Under Suharto especially, seen as a way to o Manipulate cultures to fit into a broader policy of nation-building and modernization o Utilise ‘ethnic identities’ to boost tourism and development
- Appropriation of cultural traditions in the aim to unify the nation through diversity
- Focus on regional vs ethnic differentiation led to the imposion of standardized regional cultural identities
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What is culture??
For the purposes of this essay, culture may be defined through the role of identity – the notion of belonging to a distinct ethnic, cultural or sub-cultural group (Kidd 2002).
When culture is combined with politics, it may face an evolution and adaptation to changes in society – Milner 1994
State’s Use of Ethnic Tourism:
‘Tourism and ethnicity can form part of a government device to construct the identity of its citizens and control how the nation is presented to the outside world (Picard & Wood 1997;Wilson & Dissanayake 1996).
This is true for Indonesia where the government has placed an emphasis on regional, not ethnic, differentiation.
The Indonesian government have filtered out what they believe to be suitable to include in the construction of both ethnic and national images (Schiller & Martin-Schillor 1997).
These are then presented differently to local, domestic and international audiences. Other determinants that may influence such constructions of national identity, such as political issues should also be considered (Tan, McCahon, & Miller 2002).”
Development prospects ...
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... (Javanese is the highest valued) are distinguished from inferior cultures as contributing to the national culture – 193
The Pancasila pillar of ‘belief in One almighty God’ led to confusion in ethnic minorities about who would qualify for the protection and support the constitution gave genuine agamas. It was necessary to have – a monotheistic religion, with a holy book and a prohept, and its congregation must not be limited to a single ethnic group
The New Order: Unity in Diversity
Suharto’s New order struggled to build a strong unitary state.
1970s – backed by armed forces and oil boom economy, the state managed to ‘impose its authority and establish its legitimacy over the country’ 196
The sovereignty of the state asserted itself, and ‘national integration became an undisputable reality through a steady centralization of state power’ (citing drake 1989) 196
For this study, researcher classified the cultural identity of the participants as traditional, assimilated, bicultural, or marginalized by how they identified with highly with Indian values, highly with white values, ewally with both, or with none.
To begin with, culture is something that may change evolve within time but culture is something that come with your heritage or your ethnicity the traditions and things that happen that make up your culture like how your parents raised you are culture. In the informational text “ What is cultural identity” by Elise Trumbull and Maria Pacheco, and in the personal essay “Ethnic Hash” by Patricia Williams, there are similarities and differences in how each writer conveys their message about cultural identity. Based upon their research, Trumbull and Pacheco present the idea that culture changes and that it will never stay the same, while Williams uses her personal experience to develop the idea that many things influence cultural inheritage but
Each person has its own point of view on how culture is develop and which aspect is beneficial and enjoy the history behind the culture. On the other hand, we make assumption about cultural identify without analyzing the factual data. Additionally, individual experiences does reflex the life the person has lived and the achievement embody a sense resiliency and failure for a certain period. “A study reveals culture as potentially ephemeral beliefs, beliefs, feelings, and behavior, unique in their details to each individual. No two people can live precisely identical life histories” (Handwerkker, 2002,
Culture and identity are two very strange ideas. They are received at a very young age, yet they are very hard to give to someone else. They will affect you for the rest or your life, yet for the most part you are born into them. However, they soon become very important to us and we cannot, no matter what we do, live without them. They are a part of us, and a vital aspect of society. However, it took me a very long time to recognize that I had an identity and a little while after that before I knew what it was.
Conrad Kottak, in the eleventh chapter of his textbook on cultural anthropology sought to deconstruct ethnicity in the modern world and how it has evolved over time. He wrote that “ethnicity is based on actual, perceived, or assumed cultural similarities” (Kottak 2012). While ethnicity is based in differences, he discussed at length the origins of race and ethnicity and the diverging opinions as to where it all began, then diverged. He argued that humans are cultural rather than biologic and contrasts in society great affect how humans organize and define themselves. There was a overview of ethnicity structures in Asia, specifically in Japan and Korea, as well as the United States and Brazil. Kottak also defined what the word “nation” really means and its connotations; assim...
This essay will explain the concepts of culture and ethnicity, and it will focus these concepts in ...
The first stage consisted of obtaining total control of the state institutions.... ... middle of paper ... ... Works Cited 1.
The largest part of Social Geography seems to be identity, which is ‘how we make sense of ourselves’ (Fouberg, 146), a topic that is extremely complex and has a lot of factors involved with it. Our identities are fluid, ever changing, constructed through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections, defined by ourselves and others. A commonality in identity is identifying against other people, forming an identity around people who are believed to be the enemy or different from other people. The most common idea in this time period for people to identity with is identification with their own personal state. Nationalism defines people but it also allows other identities to exist at the same time, so one may be patriotic while also being a number of other things. People in general have different identity’s at different scales as well so at a national global scale ...
In conclusion, I have talked about many diverse topics on the ethnicity of Japan. I also mentioned a great number about how their ethnicity is not much distinctive from our own, which I talked about throughout this paper. I only can only anticipate that after reading the culture awareness paper that you have erudite something new. I have also talked about how their ethnicity has predisposed our own and has reached numerous levels of accolades. Japan is an inimitable and distinct ethnicity that is one of the countries is leading our world in education.
In the end, what we learn from this article is very realistic and logical. Furthermore, it is supported with real-life examples. Culture is ordinary, each individual has it, and it is both individual and common. It’s a result of both traditional values and an individual effort. Therefore, trying to fit it into certain sharp-edged models would be wrong.
Culture is the whole system of ideas, action and result of the work of human beings in the frame work of the life of the community. Culture includes everything that is reserved, and his sense of hu...
I have discovered that the three main causes of the loss of cultural identity are immigration, industrialization, and globalization. When people migrate to a new country, they often have to assimilate to the culture. They strive to fit in to the host culture, and then they start to lose their own culture. With industrialization, the rise of industry and growth of population is causing an outward expansion of cities. More and more land is needed for the cities and industrialized areas. It has become a growing problem that smaller cities and villages are being destroyed by this expansion. Globalization is becoming more and more of a problem with the rise of technology. Areas all over the world are getting to view the cultures and customs of other countries. As dominant countries and cultures arise, other countries are striving to become like these countries, whether economically or
The answer to this is very complicated and involves many different factors. According to two researchers R. A. Foley and M. Mirazón Lahr, cultural diversity developed because of biological diversity (Foley and Lahr). They state that in the evolution of humans, as human populations became larger, it also became incredibly genetically diverse, and these diverse populations began to group together based on their similarities, especially after the last ice age (Foley and Lahr). While this biological explanation works to explain cultural diversity between areas that are far apart like continents, it fails to explain the difference between areas that are in proximity to each other, like for examples in the countries of Europe. Foley and Lahr actually discuss some of the differences for this also, citing things like the environment and variance in access to resources (Foley and Lahr). For example, if one culture had access to a difference resource than another nearby culture, a cultural difference could develop. The researchers also state that if a culture has a high probability of geographical isolation, a higher level of diversity is more likely to develop (Foley and Lahr). As an example, a community located high in the mountains with very little way to get around the geographic feature and a community located on a flat plain will eventually develop very different
Hall, Stuart. Cultural Identity and Diaspora. Identity, Community, Culture, Difference. Ed. Jonathan (Rudderford. Lawrence and Wishart. 1990). pp 222.37
Like it or not, a person is judged by their appearance and the way they carry themselves. Appearance is directly related to a person’s character because some details of personal affectations tell much about one’s identity. Every person’s identity depends on their family and their race. As a book can never be judged by its cover, in the same way, a person cannot be judged by their appearance, identity, or ethnicity. There are 197 countries in this world, but every country’s traditions and beliefs are different from each other. Ethnicity, race, and sex play a large part in forming traditions and beliefs, which is why they are so different around the world. A person’s identity is based on their family, culture and personal interests, which are all the factors that tend to shape how people are seen in a community. When an individual is judged based on their appearance instead of their character, they often suffer rejection. Everyone in this world has a different identity and is different from each other. Cultures and traditions differentiate people and help