Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Individuals have long been intrigued by the notion that persons’ expectations can become a reality. These are commonly referred to as self-fulfilling prophecies. Early scientific work in this area examined the Pygmalion effect—when superiors' high expectations of their subordinates' performance are fulfilled. Since this inception, many replication studies have examined this effect within various contexts and settings—e.g., schools, government, and military.
Studies of the Pygmalion effect have identified that a key mechanism through which leaders' expectations influence their followers is by raising the followers’ self-expectations, confidence, or self-efficacy. As a widely researched and generally accepted model of motivation, self-efficacy has been defined as “people’s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances". Persons’ level of self-efficacy has been associated with individual choices, goals, level of effort, skill acquisition, emotional reactions, persistence in the face of real or perceived obstacles and pressures, and intrinsic interest. Therefore it has been found to be related to a variety of outcomes such as job search behaviors and re-employment, better negotiation role-play outcomes athletic performance and occupational life path choices.
Even more powerful than the Pygmalion effect, the Galatea effect is a compelling factor in employee performanc...
Moderata Fonte’s Venetian ladies debated the worth of women while cavorting in their fictional garden in 1605; Tempel Anneke met her unhappy fate in the 1660s. The seemingly enlightened and forward-looking feminist attitudes articulated in Fonte's text were absent from the Brunswick courtroom where the allegations against Tempel Anneke eventually brought about her death. The two accounts illustrate the differences in the attitudes towards women between European states during the 17th century. The differences are technically religiously based, however, they deal with the differences of the specific regional factors of the areas discussed. The differences explain why the attitudes of Fonte’s ladies and the persecutors of Tempel coexisted in roughly the same era. Fonte's ladies are Italian Catholics, and Anna's neighbors are German Protestants, therefore, the ideals of women are varied based on religious experience. Additionally, the theory of reason of state that came about with the consolidation of authority consisted of centralization and secularism that subordinated the social role ...
The American Civil War helped to save the nation by rejoining Union Confederate and as result of the Emancipation Proclamation, most African American slaves were declared freed men. However, during the American Reconstruction, the lack of political unity was still very apparent as the South saw Reconstruction as being defeated humiliatingly and thus sought vengeance through the slaves it had lose. Although many slaves did receive their freedom, Reconstruction caused an increase in the white supremacy groups such as the Ku Klux Klan and laws such black codes/ Jim Crow laws/ sharecropping, which limited the rights freed slaves had. This unfortunately caused many of the freed slaves to be only marginally better off than before the Civil War and to still be under white control even after the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment. Having a president that was formerly a slave owner and opposed the rights of freed men as well a weak central government that was in a state of disorder thus caused a failure to put an end to segregation and integrate freed African Americans into society; instead they were seen as second class citizens that had limited rights and were still discriminated even more harshly by bitter Southerners.
Thus, a leader may be defined by certain qualities and skills, as well as the demonstrated ability to use certain task-oriented and relational-oriented behaviors that may be dependent on a situation, or simply the desire to accomplish a specific task or goal; furthermore, a leader may also be defined by power along with power’s use or misuse. According to many followers, the most desirable leadership traits are honesty, forward-thinking, competency, inspiration, and intelligence (Shead, 2016). Amongst the follower defined leadership traits, honesty was identified as the essential leadership quality that causes people to follow a leader; thus, the courage to admit failure is the most reliable sign that a leader is honest and accountable to the follower (Shead, 2016). Ultimately, in behavioral science a leader is defined by effectiveness, and, unfortunately, behavioral science is still attempting to define effectiveness by a single leadership
More often than not, the outcomes of events that occur in a person’s life is the product of the idea of the self-fulfilling prophecy. It is that which “occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true” (Adler and Towne, Looking Out, Looking In 66). Or restated, as Henry Ford once put it, “If you think you can, you can. If you think you can’t, you’re right!” This brief research paper touches on the two types of self-fulfilling prophecies, those that are self-imposed and those that are imposed by others. Additionally, it gives a discussion on how great of an influence it is in each person’s life, both positively and negatively, and how it consequently helps to mold one’s self-concept and ultimately one’s self.
Although women in law enforcement has increased within the past 20-30 years, the struggle to be fully accepted and held to the same standard as a male continues, and this is mainly due to barriers such as the attitudes of male officers. Many policemen continue to express negative views of female officers such as the perception of being less physically capable, mentally and emotional feeble, and unable to earn the trust and respect of citizens. (Davis, 2005) There are many beliefs that because men have maintained the lead role in law enforcement, allowing more women to carry out the same duties demystifies the masculine persona that has always gone hand in hand with policing. There remains the stigma that males have always had the protective role, not a female, and this way of thinking continues to be difficult to deter from. On the other hand, although it is not fact, many police authorities would agree that policewomen are better empathizers and sympathizers in cases concerning women and children - - as mentioned before, and that they tend to approach situations with a unique perspective; bringing different ideas and virtues to the table. For example, most female officers who are petite in stature, know they are unable to stop a physical confrontation, so in order to prevent the occurrence of a fight, will resort to communication to calm the situation. Not to say that males do not have compassion, but there is the maternal quality about females that juveniles feel more comfortable talking to rather than a big scary guy in uniform. (Miller, 2012) In other ways, female officers receive more respect than a male officer might. Patrol Officer Denelle Craul, of East Pennsboro Police Department believes, “Men are taught to respec...
All DCM (Discovering a Christian Mind) classes at Calvin read Cornelius Plantinga Jr.’s Engaging God’s World, which discusses why it is valuable to aim to live Christ-like in today’s world. In his book Plantinga explains basic Christian beliefs and Reformed doctrines by highlighting God’s creation, the fall, and human redemption by Jesus’ death on a cross. The ideas of creation, fall, and redemption are displayed by the actions of male protagonists in three major plays: The Tempest by William Shakespeare, The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, and Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller.
The core behaviors of this leader are divided into four dimensions: (a) idealized influence, (b) inspirational motivation, (c) intellectual stimulus, and (d) individualized consideration. Idealized Influence (II) Idealized influence which builds appreciation, confidence, respect and trust, providing employees with a sense of mission (Northouse, 2010). to occur this behavior, leaders must be a role models for their staff seek to emulate (Ilies , 2012). When a leader is a role model for staff, it becomes less likely that there will be resistance to change or new initiatives that are to be implemented (Wang,
American Airlines utilizes a hub-and-spoke system to better serve the small communities. Many flights that are offered through American would require a connection through one of their hubs. American has placed it footprint in 5 great locations, John F. Kennedy, Chicago O’Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, and Miami International, to offer the best viable solution to any one traveler’s needs (Horton, 2013). By using the hub-and-spoke system, American can offer an exponential amount of locations to travel to for a reduce cost (Combs, 2003). Although this may save time and money for the consumer as well as the business, the negative aspect would be the extended duration in travel for the customer.
Generalized expectancies for internal verse external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (1, Whole No. 609) Alfred, A. (1927) The practice and theory of individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Carlson, R. Neil and Martin, Neil, and Buskit, W.
Furthermore, the expectancy theory shows a direct link between personal effort and rewards. "It refers to the probability perceived by the individual that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to performance"(Hsu et al 2014, p.49).
Matthew R. Fairholm states, “Our leadership perspective defines what we mean when we say "leadership" and shapes how we view successful leadership in ourselves and others.” (Pg. )Therefore, change and modifications of desired behaviors must first stem from leadership, in order to achieve success. Follett does consider the challenges for “old-fashioned employers,” they have a difficult time transitioning and comprehending that training and employee is much different from providing orders. Therefore, these types of employers express their frustration with employees who are unable to complete tasks, when in actuality the employee is at a disadvantaged as they are not trained and new habits were not created and reinforced. Follett affirms that lack of training, is a deficiency in education. Therefore, it is crucial for leaders and employers to develop and plan ahead for modeled behaviors to gain the desired responses. Follett asserts psychology has a significant involvement because depending on the delivery of the order and how it is elicited can be the control of how responses are given
Cellular phones can contribute a lot to our modern lives. It has made things very convenient by letting people communicate with others around the world almost instantaneously. One of the most used functions on the cell phone is not the phone, but the SMS text messaging. Why wouldn’t anyone want the ability to communicate instantaneously? With the use of this technology comes a different method of accountability. This is taking responsibility for that which falls under your domain. This is important when communicating with a supervisor. When an SMS message is received, it is professional courtesy to respond as soon as possible. That notwithstanding, SMS messaging is an unreliable technology with an average 1%-5% error or deliverability rate. It is not only irrational but also malicious to attribute more credit than is reasonably expected to this feeble technology. When this happens the only expectation is reprisal. Reprisal is a federal offense, defined in 10 U.S.C. §1034 and DoD Directive 7050.06. by sections:
Individuals behave in a given manner based not on the way their external environment actually is but, rather, on what they see or believe it to be. An organization may spend millions of dollars to create a pleasant work environment for its employees. However, in spite of these expenditures, if an employee believes that his or her job that assigned to them is lousy and feel unsatisfactory, that employee will behave accordingly.