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Recommended: Copd and determinants of health

COPD is a common, preventable and treatable disease characterized by chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is and associated with an enhanced chronic inflammatory response in the airways and the lung to noxious particles or gases.1 COPD is mixture of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The clinical term is defined as chronic bronchitis and the anatomical physiology is defined as emphysema. Both small airway disease and parenchymal destruction contribute to chronic airflow limitation.

COPD is correlated with a history of cigarette smoking, which became the third leading cause of death in the United States.2 In 2011, prevalence of COPD was 6.3% (an estimated 15 million), but varied by age, race/ethnicity, sex, and state. Prevalence of COPD increased from 3.2% among those aged between 18-44 years to > 11.6% among those aged > 65 years.

The most common risk factor for COPD is tobacco smoking, which include cigarette, cigar, pipe, environmental tobacco smoke, and other products available in other countries.3 LM’s risk factor is smoking cigarette. The other major risk factor is burning of biomass fuel, which then causes outdoor, indoor, and occupation air pollution. A severe hereditary deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin is a genetic risk factor that can contribute to COPD. Nonsmokers may also develop COPD.

The probability of diagnosing COPD increases, when an individual presents with symptom of dyspnea, chronic cough or sputum production, and a history of exposure to risk factors.3 Dyspnea is a cardinal symptom of COPD, which is a major cause of disability and anxiety associated with the disease. The first symptom of COPD is a chronic cough. Initially, it could be intermittent and later on it presents everyday and...

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...nic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2014. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/.

4. Chee A, Sin DD. Treatment of mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(4):563-573.

5. Bartlett YK, Sheeran P, Hawley MS. Effective behaviour change techniques in smoking cessation interventions for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Br J Health Psychol. 2014;19(1):181-203. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12071.

6. GOLD Patient Guide: What You Can Do About a Lung Disease Called COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2014. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/.

7. Albuterol (Inhalation Route) Proper Use - Drugs and Supplements - Mayo Clinic. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/albuterol-inhalation-route/proper-use/drg-20073536. Accessed May 30th, 2014.

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