Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States of America. Tumors are usually removed and then the area is sometimes radiated. After removal, therapies such as chemo, endocrine, and trastuzumab have been shown to increase the chance of survival. Various patient factors such as age, tumor size, menopausal status, etc. are combined into prediction models and used as guidelines for treatment. However, patients with the same factors can have different outcomes. The prediction models have limited use in the ability to predict outcomes or to use to decide on the use of systemic adjuvant therapy. This is where DNA microarray technology comes in to play. Studying thousands of genes at a time and profiling the genetics of breast cancer will provide new ways in managing the treatments of breast cancer patients.
Several studies were released showing that using different microarray platforms on the same RNA samples gave different results. However this was due to reasons other than the unreliability of the techniques. The United States Food and Drug Administration launched a project named the Microarray Quality Control project to assess the reproducibility of microarray results across different platforms. They found that the microarray results are in fact highly reproducible within and across different microarray platforms. They found that microarrays are reliable enough to be used for medical purposes. Other investigators came to the same conclusion.
However, doubts were also raised in the ability for microarray technology to be used in the prediction of disease outcomes and treatment predications. This was because there were several microarray studies that generated different gene-expression classifiers wi...
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...long time however. The article proposes a model to help with this. The predictive sequences can be used in pre-op and post op settings to cut down on time. There are many other new technologies that are powerful tools to help with breast cancer. It will be a challenge to evaluate all the data and predictors. It may also be possible to combine predictors into one model with the currently used computer models. In the future trials should be tailored to specific subtypes instead of the breast cancer population as a whole. Clinical researchers will need to collaborate with scientists. There also need to be general standard operating procedures. Moving to specific treatments tailored to the patient instead of empirical treatment will save money in the long run. Right now the governments and other large organizations will need to bear the cost for the good of all people.
Breast cancer is most commonly diagnosed in Stage I and Stage II, where the size of the tumor is less than five centimeters in diameter. In these situations, surgery is often the second treatment option after chemotherapy and radiation therapy, both of which are used to shrink the tumor to a manageable size first. If the patient chooses to, the ...
After reading the novel, The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood, I think the whole book shows a feminist dystopia, which is different from the radical feminists. Since the balance of power between men and women is the biggest theme in this novel, Atwood powerfully criticizes the patriarchal society through depicting the suffering of Handmaids. In this society, women in the lower class are deprived of their social status, totally becoming the baby-making tools for the upper class male. Also, they are deprived of all their possessions and their human rights, even their emotions as human beings. In Atwood’s novel, the author shows us a great concern of the social prejudice against women. Because of the balance of power between men and women in this society, women are given their own function: Handmaids are baby-making tools; Wives are used for ceremonial purposes only, and Jezebels are prostitutes and entertainers, available only to the upper class men and their guests.
There are many risks that affect breast cancer. One of the reasons it is more common, is because we have better medical equipment that detects breast cancer at an earlier stage than before. An estimated 192,370 new cases of breast cancer will occu...
There are many different approaches for management of breast cancer and treatment options that patients may select in collaboration with health care providers. Breast cancer is a complex disease that presents in many different types, with specific biological features unique to each patient. Invasive cancers are classified based on tumor type and histological grade, which is of utmost importance when deciding the course of treatment. Contemporary advances in breast cancer treatments have been made, especially in chemotherapy, hormone and biological therapies. Treatment can be a combination of local treatments, systemic treatments, and in some cases, new targeted treatments (Watts, 2013).
Today in the United States, Breast Cancer occurs in about one in eight women which is currently the most common cancer among women. The number of cases is expected to decrease due to the advancements in technology and dedicated researchers. Scientists have put an estimated 4.8 billion dollars towards the research every year to help find a cure or a new treatment for breast cancer ("STAT Facts Breast Cancer"). Researchers have found causes, put in research and theories that help with understanding treatments, prevention and also common symptoms and coping mechanisms.
Breast Cancer is defined as “a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast” (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deaths out of 2,360 new cases. From these numbers, we can see that women in the U.S. are greatly affected by breast cancer, thus, it’s not difficult to imagine the impact on a worldwide level. Although these numbers look frightening, people can actually survive from breast cancer if it is detected early and treated properly, so it is extremely important for all of us, especially women, to have a better understanding of breast cancer.
The American Cancer Society publishes current advances made in cancer research on their website. Many of the exciting discoveries about how best to treat the disease focus on the genetic aspects associated with certain types of cancer. In addition, treatments aimed at genetic solutions to cancer may be more effective and may cause fewer adverse side effects than traditional cancer treatments (American Can...
In today’s society, one of the main diseases affecting women is breast cancer. Cancer is defined as disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues (“What is Cancer?”). Breast cancer is most often caused by either a woman’s genetics or through the influence of lifestyle choices. Breast cancer remains one of the major concerns in the medical field, mainly because it has many forms and happens to strike a large number of women. However, over the last few decades, diagnosing and treating breast cancer has rapidly evolved and improved. As of 2013, there are more than 2.8 million breast cancer survivors in the United States (“What Are the Key…”).
There are two main categories of breast cancer, carcinomas and sarcomas. They have different origin, carcinomas arise from epithelial lining of the duct which carries milk from breast lobules to nipple. They are the most common type of human breast cancer and they can spread easily to surrounding tissues though blood and lymph. Whereas, sarcomas is the rare type of breast cancer and it originate from connective tissues and fatty substances around the ducts and lymphatic vessels called stroma Management of these two types of breast cancer relies on early diagnosis. In clinical settings physicians use cancer grading method during breast cancer diagnosis, which allows them to choose the right treatment plan for their patients. In general, there are three levels of grading, grade-I cancer cells resemble normal cell growth and have steady growth speed, grade-2 cancer cells appear to be different from normal cells and they divide faster than normal cells and grade-3 cancer cells identifies the fastest growing tumors that look completely different from the normal cells (Veer 2002). Thus, cancer with highest grading appears aggressive and divides more than lower grade cancer cells. Now we know the three level of breast cancer, let’s see different grading
Clark, Amy S., et al. “Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Breast Cancer.” Journal of Nuclear
The strongest and most common risk factor for breast cancer is age. As women get older, the threat for this disease rises. In the United States, breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer (B...
Citizens deserve the right to know the inner- workings of their government, and public institutions; which includes our school districts. This is an important feature of school and community relations because school boards are elected locally to ensure that the schools in that community are governed and operated properly both fiscally and academically. This is why it is admirable that the State of Arkansas has determined that each school district within that state should ensure that each district website include;
Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases and primary cause of the huge number of deaths among women worldwide. Early detection methods and exact diagnostics are essential to the success of breast cancer treatment. However, breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that is caused by a variety of genes. Therefore an understanding of the differences between breast cancer subtypes has become the primary avenue for treatment. In order to get a deep understanding of the various subtypes, classifying cancer patients by molecular features and phenotypic of cancer subtype will be needed. To fulfill this need, Computer Scientists and Medical Researchers in the bioinformatics field have partnered together to use a high performance data science
One out of every eight women in the US is diagnosed with breast cancer every year. As the number of breast cancer patients increases year after year, identification methods and treatments are beginning to advance. When women get older, their chances of developing breast cancer increases. In fact, 80% of all breast cancer patients are women ages 50 and up. The tumor is discovered through either mammography or self-breast examinations. Through these methods, doctors are able to discover the tumor and decide on what treatment is right for each patient. When it comes to treating breast cancer there are multiple treatment options; the type and severity of the cancer help the doctor decide the optimal treatment plan for each
In recent history, women have one of the highest death rate due to breast cancer is than any other cancers. According to the article Breast Cancer Trends Among Young Women In The United States, there is a one in eight (12%) that women will acquire a type of breast cancer in their lifetime. Just in 2013 an estimated of 232,340 new cases of breast cancer was diagnosed in women all over the United States. These recent studied also shows there is a larger percentage of women getting breast cancer at an earlier age in life. Many researchers and doctors believe this is due to increase industrialization exposure, negative lifestyle choices and thei...