N a video sequence there are portions within it that changes to many scenes. The scene analysis and distinguishing is done on the basis of certain threshold changes in the motion vectors and it is related to them. If a given amount of bits change with respect to the previous or future frame an 'I' or intra-frame is added and a scene is classified.
The x264 command line interface gives a direct function to classify a scene from two on basis of a user defined threshold. The analysis done here shows the scene classification on basis of default threshold value of 40% bits and motion vector changes. For x264, 40% is a default threshold value. The H264 model is used for encoding-decoding by x264 CLI.
1) H264
The model H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 or AVC (Advanced Video Coding) is a defined standard for video compression and communication, and is currently one of the most commonly used formats along with being one of the most effecient model, for the recording, compression, and communication of high definition video signals[1].
The H.264/MPEG-4 AVC model is basically a block-oriented motion-compensation-based codec (encoder-decoder) standard developed by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) along with the ISO/IEC JTC1 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG).
2) X264 CLI
In the analysis, x264 is used for the macroblocks, motion vectors and frame classifications. x264 is a free software library (CLI) for encoding video streams into the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC format. It is released under the terms of the General Public License (GNU)[2].
II. CLASSIFICATIONS
1) Macro-blocks and motion-vectors
In the experiment performed, the macro-blocks were obtained using the x264 CLI. Here the macro-blocks are made up of 16x16 each. There are total of 300 macro-bl...
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... on the desired sub-frame.
Fig. 3. Frame division
Fig. 4. Scene-1 analysis
IV. RESULTS
A. Figures and Tables
Fig.4 shows the generated plot out of the first scene that was analyzed. The more amount of activity in the center region shows more data or bits variation in the center major macro-block, ie. E sub-frame.
TABLE I
AVERAGE MOTION-VECTORS OF ALL MACRO-BLOCKS
The table shows the normalized average motion-vectors of the macro-blocks of all the frames of the first scene used in the experiment.
B. Abbreviations mvs: Motion-Vectors mbs: Macro-blocks
V. CONCLUSION
An entire video can be subdivided into various scenes based on the analysis of every scene and frames generated. The frames are further analyzed to obtain the most effective area where maximum number of bits vary. This can be used to remove unnecessary bits thus compressing the video.
Sullivan, G. D., Georgeson, M. A., & Oatley, K. (1972). Channels for spatial frequency selection and detection of single bars by the human visual system. Vision Research, 12, 383-94.
A TV signal is captured by a camera and then manipulated during program production. At this point the video must be at its highest quality and full bandwidth for recording, editing and special effects purposes. Then the TV signal needs to be compressed for economical transmission and storage. The possible efficiency of compression depends on a couple of factors. If a signal will be further edited and manipulated in the receiving studio it must maintain a relatively high quality and therefore can’t be compressed as much as a signal that will be sent directly to the viewer’s TV set. Also, the extent to which a signal can be successfully compressed depends on the type of program (E.g. movies can be compressed more than sports). Nevertheless, a typical program mix will fit up to 10 digital television channels on one transmission line.
film goes is very fast and it changes from one location to the next in
MPEG Audio Layer 3, which is what this anarchic instigator of war file format is known as, but to us it is a MP3 which is a part of the MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 specifications which could be used for movies. MP3's compresses CD-quality sound by a factor of 12 or more while still providing a great high quality sound to it. A MP3 is now becoming mainstream format for music like records, tapes, and CD's which are currently being used, but to play MP3's a program is needed like Winamp or Microsoft's Windows Media Player. The MP3 has become the most commonly used but unofficial file format to encode digital music for downloading off the Internet. The Internet is the heart of the MP3, without it, this new format would never survive because the Net allows surfers to download songs in a matter of minutes without cost or leg...
9) Collect all heart rates and arrange the results in a table.
She put it on, leaving her clothing in the bath-house. But when she was there beside the sea, absolutely alone, she cast the unpleasant, pricking garments from her, and for the first time in her life she stood naked in the open air, at the mercy of the sun, the breeze that beat upon her, and the waves that invited her.
I took the observations that I had of the plan and tried to figure out the actions behind the result. The main organization that I noticed was the two regulating lines, the horizontal datum above and the diagonal line below, that intersected at a point which gave the impression of the compression of the rectangles by these lines. The rectangles also
Every time somebody rents a video or watches a movie on television there is always that little blurb right before they begin viewing about the picture being formatted for the screen. Usually, it is ignored or merely taken as a cue that the film is about to start. That little forewarning actually holds a lot of significance, for when one views a movie in its original, wide screen version, a whole new world opens up. When a movie is altered from its initial state, and cropped in the editing room for home viewing, an overwhelming amount of the film is unsuspectingly missed. This has become extremely obvious when viewing any movie, and in The Graduate a lot of innovative things are adjusted and lost. There are various shots edited, cut off, and many dynamic camera techniques lose their effect when The Graduate is transformed from the intended wide screen version to the formatted television edition.
In many applications of image processing, the gray levels of pixels belonging to the object or foreground are quite different from the gray levels of the pixels belonging to the background. Thresholding becomes then a simple tool to separate foreground from the background. Examples of thresholding applications are document image analysis where the goal is to extract printed characters logos, graphical map processing where lines, legends, characters are to be found, quality inspection of materials etc [3].The output of the thresholding operation is a binary image whose gray level of 0 (black) will indicate ...
The Canny edge detection algorithm is commonly known as the optimal edge detector. During his research work, Canny's main intentions were to enhance the edge detectors which were already out at that time. Canny was successful in his objective and published a paper entitled "A Computational Approach to Edge Detection" in which he mentions a list of criteria which could improve current methods of edge detection. According to him, low error rate was one of the important criteria. Secondly, the edges in the image must not be missed and there must be no response to non-edges. Thirdly, the edge points must be well localized that is the distance between the edge pixels found by the detector and the actual edge must be minimum. And lastly, only one response
One of the films most important and groundbreaking technology is the use of motion capture. Motion capture technology has the ability to capture more realistic eye movements. Special reflective markers are placed onto the actors, which are wearing tight suits. Cameras recognize these markers and therefore the movements of the actor can be recorded. The captured data that was recorded is transformed into a digital model and transferred to a 3D software which would show the characters moving exactly how the actors did when they were performing for the scene. The data is cleaned up and animators will bring the character to life, with movement, texture, skeleton and muscles. An advantage that is offered in motion capture is it is more rapid and producing the animate...
Dancyger, K., 2007. The technique of film and video editing: history, theory, and practice. 4th ed. s.l.:Taylor & Francis.
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...in size as a replacement for straw bits. As the data shows, some the proportion of marked straw bits in the first capture to the total population (n1/N) is not equal to the proportion of marked straw bits in the second capture to the total straw bits in the second capture (m2/n2). For example, 20(n1)/100(N)≠3 (m2 in the 4th trial)/10(n2). Since this is a random sampling, it is impossible to control the results especially the number of marked straw bits in the second capture. The container for straw bits is shaken for the mixing between marked straw bits and unmarked straw bits. However, it is not sure that whether the population is mixed thoroughly or not. Some marked straw bits may stuck in some corners with other straw bits even after the mix. Again this is a process of random sampling and it is unpreventable for the marked straw bits’ inability to mix thoroughly.
Monocular Video Sequences. ACM Trans. Graph. 29, 4, Article 42 (July 2010), 10 pages. DOI = 10.1145/1778765.1778779 Web. 5 Apr. 2011.