Experiments were performed in accordance with current legislation regarding animal experiments in Mexico (NOM-062-ZOO-1999). We housed forty-eight 12-week-old female C57BL/6J mice from the experimental unit in Cinvestav Zacatenco-Mexico in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room that was on a 12-h light-dark cycle. There were 40 ovariectomized (OVX) mice and eight sham-operated controls (SHAM). At 14 weeks of age, mice were divided into five groups and fed for 6 weeks as follows: groups 1 (STD) and 2 (SHAM) were fed a standard diet (group 1 animals were OVX mice), group 3 (RNE) was fed a diet containing 10% inulin (Raftiline) fructans (positive control), and groups 4 (CAF1) and 5 (CAF2) were fed a diet containing 10% commercial Agave fructans. The standard diet was obtained from Lab-Diet (5053 Lab-Diet, USA). The food consumed by each mouse was weighed daily. On the 6th week following treatment, the mice were euthanized and femurs were collected.
The commercial Agave fructans were obtained from two different companies. Raftiline fructan was obtained from Orafti (Belgium). Raftiline is a linear fructan with an average degree of polymerization (DP) of 25 and CAF1 and CAF2 are branched fructans obtained from A. tequilana with an average DP of 22 and 13, respectively.
The standard diet 5053 contained the following (g/100 g dry bases), protein 23.5 (consisting of soybean and fish proteins), total carbohydrates obtained from maize, wheat, and oats 64.5 (including starch 32, sucrose 3.0, cellulose 6.0), lipid 12, mineral mixture 6.0 and vitamin mixture 1.3. The fructans diets were pelleted by LabDiet adding 10% of fructans.
Physical measurements
Food intake was evaluated each morning. Body weight (weight gain) and excretion of feces...
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...n ethyl ether for 12 h, washed again, and the solution discarded to eliminate residue. The femurs were dried at 60ºC to a constant weight. The bones were mounted on stubs and coated with gold/palladium using an ion sputter. The samples were then analyzed by SEM and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
Microstructure analysis
Trabecular bone area as a fraction of total trabecular tissue area, porosity diameter, and compact bone thickness was measured within the same microscopic field and in the same section of the bone (femoral heads). For each treatment, several measurements were taken from four different mice and the averages determined.
Statistical methods
Statistical differences between groups were evaluated by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis using STATGRAPHICS Plus 5.1. Differences with a P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS (9.1, SAS institute, 2004) statistical software package. Statistical assessments of differences between mean values were performed by the LSD test at P = 0.05.
Describe the microscopic features of osseous tissue that help long bones withstand compressive forces without breaking.
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
Bone tissue is the subject of Chapter 7. It covers the tissue and organs of the skeletal system, the histology of osseous (bone) tissue, the development of bone, physiology of osseous tissue and disorders of the bone.
At the microscopic level, the anatomy of the bones are fairly simple. Bones are made of osteons which can be classified into two sections, woven bone and lamellar bone. Lamellar bone is most common and when it’s
To study the longitudinal growth of a long bone, Duhamel inserted needles at equal intervals into the femur of a newly-hatched chick. Dissection of the femur of the chick, fifteen days later, revealed the impressions made by the needles to be separated by various intervals, smallest nearest the trabecular region and largest nearest the cortical bone because hardening begins in the trabecular of the bone and gradually proceeds towards the cortical bone. This proved that the different portions of the bone do not all grow equally but the trabecular bone grow more than the cortical bone. This phenomenon is now known as longitudinal bone growth.
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) plays an important role in treating bone diseases related to osteoporosis and other orthopedic treatments. Although several methods are used in orthopedic surgery, some bone transport methods such as autografting and allografting have a certain number of disadvantages. Both are expensive methods and they can be exposed to infections and diseases. Therefore, in stead of using these potential risky methods, bone tissue engineering process are used to treat in orthopedic treatments. In general, both tissue engineering and bone tissue engineering have major constituents including stem cells, scaffold, bioreactors and growth factors.
All the data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of the mean (SD). The student t test, one-way and two- way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the least significant difference (LSD) tests were used. The p-value of <0.05 was accepted.
...Excess bone is deposited by Osteoblasts, with surplus removed by Osteoclasts based on daily stresses applied to the bone.The fracture line completely encircles the shaft, resulting in a spiral-like Radiographic appearance which can be identified in the diagram below.
The physiology of the bone is important to understand to comprehend the effects of osteoporosis. Bones are organs are having three levels of structure: Gross anatomy, Microscopic, and Chemical. Gross anatomy concerns bone textures, such as compact or spongy. [mention others]. The 206 bones in the bodied are classified by shape; these classifications are long bones, short bones, flat bones or irregular bones. Long bones are structured Bones serve several functions such as: support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation,
In order for bone formation to occur, osteoblasts must create new collagenous and non-collagenous substance, for the matrix while also monitoring mineralization of the matrix by ensuring proper calcium and phosphate deposits (22). They also produce high amounts of type 1 collagen, whose purpose is to fill the hollow parts of the bone made during the resorption phase. Throughout this process, various osteoblasts become embedded within the bone matrix, and become osteoclasts (23).
However some of the basic bone functions include storing of crucial nutrients, minerals and lipids, producing red blood cells for the body, protect the organs such as heart, ribs and the brain, aide in movement and also to act as a buffer for pH. With the differences in all of the bones there are four things that remain the same in each bone, their cells. Bones are made up of four different cells; osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes and bone lining cells. Osteoblasts produce and secrete matrix proteins and then transport the minerals into the matrix. Osteoclasts are responsible for the breaking down of tissue. The osteoblasts and osteoclasts are both responsible for remodeling and rebuilding of bones as we grow and age. The production of osteoclasts for resorption is initiated by the hormone, the parathyroid hormone. Osteocytes are the mature versions of osteoblasts because they are trapped in the bone matrix they produced. The osteocytes that are trapped continue making bone to help with strength and the health of the bone matrix. The bone lining cells are found in the inactive bone surfaces which are typically found in
Agave tequilana is used due to its high inulin concentration, low fiber content, and abundance of chemical compounds that contribute to tequila’s final taste and flavor. This species of agave grows best in the areas surrounding the city of Tequila because climate and soil conditions are ideal: 3-47 Co (optimal temperature of 26 Co), annual rainfall of 800-900 mm yearly and fertile soil of shallow depth (30 to 40 centimeters) (2,3). Additionally, agaves grown in the highlands region have a sweeter aroma and taste than the lowlands regions, which have an herbaceous flavor and odor (4).
In testing the hypothesis, the authors carried out a parallel-design, single-blind, controlled, randomized trial. The sample comprised
Bones are used to determine a variety of things, such as, age, sex, height, and maybe race. We determines these things with the help of Forensic Anthropologists. For instance, Forensic anthropologists determine age with the help of the appearance of bones. They cannot tell the exact age of an individual, however they can estimate very closely, at the time of death and this all depends on two life processes, growth and decline. Growth and development are based on the location of a bone’s growth and formation. For example, at birth our so what called , “bones” are soft cartilage which is the type of “bone” in your nose and ear. As an individual grows, their cartilage is replaced by hard bone at different times during growth. There are over 300 times of growth stages in infants which eventually turn into 2016 hard bones in the adult body. The way anthropologists actually